欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式-盘古文库

欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式

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来源：莲生三十二

作者：开心麻花

2025-09-19

欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式（精选6篇）

欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式第1篇

2021欧洲法国留学申请书

Dear _,

Born in _ to parents who valued education above everything else, I consistently excelled my classmates in primary and high school. My father, a senior engineer of a huge manufacturing company, would not accept any second best performance in my studies, and I never disappointed him. One way for me to stay the top student was to pursue a wide variety of interests that helped to keep me physically strong and intellectually sharp. An acclaimed football player, I led my high school’s football team as its captain into winning the city’s football championship. I also enjoyed literature, music and traveling.

As the best student of my high school, I was well prepared in 1991 when I took the National University Entrance Examinations, held nationwide once every year to screen high school graduates for higher education. Of the 100,000 high school graduates who took the exams that year in my province, I ranked the fourth in overall scores. On the strength of these scores, I gained acceptance into the Finance & Accounting Department of the Beijing University, which President Clinton described as the Harvard of China on his recent trip to this country.

At the Beijing University, the country’s best institution of higher learning, I continued to be the best student of the class. The university’s business school, to which the Finance & Accounting Department belongs, emphasizes, English and computers. I did well in all of them. In the final exams, I got the full grade for calculus, and the highest grade in my class in statistics, liner algebra, microeconomics, finance, banking and econometrics. My average grade was 90 on the 1 to 100 scale, making me the undisputed academic leader among my fellow students.

I began to have significant academic publications while I was still an undergraduate student, something highly unusual in China. Taking advantage of the university’s well cultivated atmosphere of academic freedom, I undertook extensive research on top of my regular course load, which culminated in the publication of a book, titled “Out of Dilemma”. As the principal author of the book, I made sure that the book presented an insightful study of the Western business management methods, especially those proven effective in the experience of the Fortune 500 corporations. The book was unique at the time in that detailed case studies were presented on a number of well-known Chinese companies against the Western business management approaches introduced in the book.

I was also the only undergraduate in my department who published a research paper in an academic journal. In the “The investment risk and its measurement”, published in the January issue of Chinese Technology and Economy Science, I presented a mathematical model I myself have developed on the measurement of market risks. Although the model has yet to be proven in empirical research, it has received positive review among Chinese economists. It should serve as an advanced starting point for me to conduct further studies and research.

With an impeccable academic record and virtually unprecedented publications, I received many awards and honors, including the Outstanding Student Honor in October 1992, the Guanghua Scholarship in 1994, and the Outstanding Student Honor in 1996. In recognition of my achievements, the Business School of the Beijing University offered in 1996 to accept me for graduate studies without the normally mandatory examinations, a privilege that is granted to only what the university considers the exceptionally gifted.

I, however, declined the offer by my alma mater. Instead, I joined the Chinese Da Chuan (Group) Company, one of the world’s biggest shipping companies, to work with its Planning & Financial Division at its headquarters in Beijing. I wanted to apply what I had learned both in class and outside of it to analysis of real business operations before I commenced my graduate studies.

That has since proved to be the right decision. Working with the Chinese Da Chuan Company, with its 117 branches around the world, gave me a vantage point from which I easily and regularly observe all sorts of financial activities, such as the capital flow, the investment, the making of accounting statements, the cost control, and the innovation in accounting computer systems. This has not only enriched my knowledge of finance and given me clear perception into the company itself but also provided me with the necessary empirical data for more advanced studies in general.

While with the Chinese Da Chuan Company, I saw first hand just how big the differences are between the accounting practices in China and those in the developed world. To summarize my observations, I published a paper titled “The Comparison between Foreign Accounting Information System and Domestic Accounting Information System” in the respected journal of Finance and Accounting for Communications. On the basis of these observations, I began to appreciate China’s critical need to learn the more sophisticated accounting practices from the West. In accounting as in so many other areas, China must bridge the gap with the West if it is to survive and develop in the develop in the ever shrinking global village.

Two years has passed since I first started at the Chinese Da Chuan Company, and I now feel that it is essential that I receive further and more advanced training in a quality Western university. Hence my application for acceptance into your university.

Yours sincerely,

xuexila.com/shenqing/

留学法国巴黎好的院校一览

一、巴黎师范

一所偏师范类的高等教育机构，目前在QS的排在24的位置，其中人文学和科学表现，而且还提供专门的住宿，教学和研究投入都很高，目前校友中有12名诺奖获得者。

二、巴黎理工

全球排名是35，虽然专科设置有偏向，但是综合实力依旧不弱，不过表现的依旧是工程类，学校虽然距离市中心超过30公里，但是校区面积超过160公顷，开放的空间和齐全的设施让人羡慕。

三、巴黎六大

六大在QS中排在115名，拥有欧洲的医学教育，光实验室就超过了120个，而且项目还在不断的增加，学校在法国有四个校区，都提供很不错的教学。

四、巴黎十一大

是一所综合性很强的大学，四个校区目前都在巴黎的南郊，其中规模较大的在奥赛，一共有200公顷，拥有自己的植物园，教育领域的发展在近年来越来越受欢迎。

五、狄德罗大学

原来是巴黎七大，排在全球的210名左右，在读的学生数量接近3万名，其中有五分之一是留学生，最出色的是科学院，高标准的研究是全球瞩目的。

六、巴黎政大

是一所专业性比较强的院校，目前提供的主要是人文和社科方面的教学，而且学校的经费中有40%提供给相关的教学，目前学校1.1万名学生中，有大概42%是留学生。

七、巴黎四大

学校提供的更多是艺术、语言和人文学科的教学，全球排名在230左右，而艺术和人文的单科在50之内，学校经常会举办各种艺术类的活动，为学生提供展示的机会。

八、巴黎一大

排名和四大差不多，不过专业的教学更集中在法律和经济学科，集中社科学院整体排名在50的位置，学校内容纳的学生超过了4万名。

法国留学住宿费用要花多少钱

一、费用介绍

首都巴黎的费用会比其他城市贵上很多，宿舍一般收费都在300欧左右，而基础的合租一般也需要400-500欧，有比较好的环境，安全也会得到保障，会成为不少学生的选择。

而在外省，这部分的经济压力则会小很多，住校虽然在200-300欧之间差异不大，但是自己租房的话，最多400欧，就可以住得非常的舒适，能够享受很不错的日常生活。

二、学生宿舍

提供宿舍的学校不少但是供应量比较低，因为受到了地域的限制，学校的规模扩大后，招生变多了难以满足所有人的需求，而且很多宿舍还比较老旧，并不是所有学生都愿意住。

不过价格是非常划算的，因为还会有政府的补贴，虽然在环境规模上会差一些，但是大家的生活会更便利，至少大家不需要额外进行其他的准备，租金200-300欧。

三、合租公寓

租房建议选择安全比较有保障的公寓，一般会有统一的管理，对出入人员的检查是比较严格的，而且房屋内部有问题可以直接找物业，反馈会比较快，大家基本上不需要担心生活的问题。

而基础的配置，也是相对统一而且齐全的，卫浴厨房会配有，而且会有单独的卧室，入住的人越多越便宜，但是一定要遵守规定，房租基本也在400-600欧之间。

四、寄宿家庭

常规的寄宿是法国的普通家庭，一般是五口之家甚至更多，老中青三代需要相处，入住需要遵守家庭内部的规则，有问题要及时沟通，使用公共区域的东西要获得的许可，费用一个月600欧。

有稍微划算一点的方式，就是和老年人住在一起，用自己的劳动抵消租金，在老龄化比较严重的法国，是比较常见的，而且相处得比较好的话还会减租金，价格一般在400欧左右。

欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式第2篇

Dear _,

Drama is a way of sharing my thoughts and desires, as well as expressing my inner self. It is the motivation that drives me through any challenge. I am a well organised, hard working, self motivated and keen person who loves to learn as an individual or as a team. I discovered drama in primary school, and developed my interest through secondary education where I promptly became involved in the Drama after School Club’. Since then my love for the theatre has grown. My course is really enjoyable and rewarding, and I love learning more about theatre, therefore, I want to find a drama course which allows me to explore all the aspects of the theatre in the hope of gaining a better understanding of how the business of the industry works.

During secondary school I was involved in the school choir, later I volunteered to deliver the Christmas hampers, which were made to give to the elderly around the area. In year 11 I was chosen as part of the ACES programme, a project that runs parallel with the Mentoring Education Achievement that encourages young people to achieve high in their GCSEs. I am also a young leader at the local Brownies where I coordinate crafts, write the annual letters to the parents and lead other activities with the team. I’m always getting involved in productions outside of college. I was recently involved in a pantomime at the local church where I played a variety of major and minor roles. In the past I have experienced styles of dancing, performing to the young and the elderly. As a hobby I enjoy kayaking, it is a good way to relax and escape distraction. I took up playing the piano and love to learn new pieces of music. Additionally, I sketch and write poems which, I publish on the internet forum/blogs.

In college I aim for my work to reach a high standard and if I need to, I will improve work in my spare time to reach the grades that I am capable of achieving. In the course I have already studied practitioners from 20th century European and world wide drama which includes O’Neil, Mamet, Godber, Artaud, Cartwright and Irvine Welsh. I have also studied Stanislavski and his methods of naturalistic acting including emotional memory and in contrast to him, Brecht and his Epic Theatre. I have had experience at being a set designer, which included sketching possible set ideas and organising everyone to help with the creation of the set. As part of the acting unit, we had to research, write and adapt existing text to create our own monologue which we then performed for assessment. I have been studying various styles of scriptwriting, from this I will have attempted my own in the styles, later on in the unit I will be writing a ten minute long script which will be performed. At the moment I am devising a performance based around a political issue; this will later be toured at secondary schools. I have performed in many devised and improvisational performances, which have helped me to communicate between my fellow colleagues. I have found that I am more comfortable at spontaneous improvising. I have assisted a door supervisor’s course by role playing situations for them. This opportunity was extremely fun and enabled me to use my ability in a different surrounding. At the end of my first year at college I participated in the Derek Jacobi Festival, where I directed the play Noises Off’ by Michael Frayne, where I and my cast were rewarded with best actor, best performance and the staff discretionary award. It was such an interesting and delightful experience to direct my fellow colleagues.

Overall I am a hard working person, who is keen to get on with work, and will try their best to succeed. Once I have completed this degree course I intend to go to drama school, to study a postgraduate course depending on my chosen discipline. Therefore to pursue my ambitions I believe studying your drama course will benefit me and I will be an asset to your institution.

Yours sincerely,

xuexila.com/shenqing/

申请瑞士留学语言要求解读

1.英语语言水平考试

瑞士大学普遍对英语要求在雅思6或6.5分，部分可能会有小分要求，具体情况要看你申请的专业而定。瑞士是一个多语种的国家，这这里留学有机会学习第二门或第三门外语。瑞士的官方语言是法语，德语，意大利语和特托罗马语，在工商业及旅游业方面，英语是通用的语言。瑞士700万人口各种语言的使用人数大约占比为：75%的人讲德语，15%的人讲法语，2%的人讲罗马语，25%的人讲英语。瑞士最主要的官方语言和教学语言是德语以及法语。

2.德语水平考试

对外国留学生而言，最重要的德语考试自然是大学的入学语言考试，而瑞士留学语言考试会在开学前由目标大学或是弗里堡大学语言班或是大学预科班举办，一年会举行两次。除此以外，瑞士比较具有公信力的德语考试都是由歌德大学举办的，其中会有一般的德文语言能力考试，也会有职业导向德语考试的。与中国留学生相关的考试有 ZMP(中级德语考试)和ZOP(高级德语考试)，因为目前越来越多瑞士学校在学生申请入学的时候就要求必须通过这个考试。

3. 法语水平考试

目前法语水平的通用衡量标准为《欧洲语言共同参考框架》，语言水平从低到高分为A1到C2六个等级。而原则上瑞士公立大学要求申请入学的非法语母语的学生至少拥有B2或C1的法语水平。瑞士大学认可的法语能力证书包括DELF(法语学习文凭)、DALF(法语文凭)和DHEF(高等法语学习文凭)等。

瑞士留学申请流程

一、递交材料

在正式提出申请之前，大家需要提前将材料准备好，要收集的材料有很多，需要小心仔细，千万不要遗漏任何东西，尽管后续可以补交，但是会耽误申请的时间。

按照要求将软硬件材料和辅助材料准备好之后，大家就可以正式递交申请了，首先要将网申递交，这样才方便学校录取结果的发放。

然后将所有的材料用文件袋包好，按照给出的邮寄信息进行邮递，并且及时将快递信息录入到的相关渠道，便于自己的查询。

二、获取通知

寄出申请一个月左右的时间之后，就可以获取来自学校的通知，一般情况之下，不管是录取还是被拒，都会给出邮件的通知，所以大家一定要将邮箱填对。

拿到录取的通知之后，先要在邮件附带的网址内进行确认，确认录取之后还要缴纳占位费，因为有的学生可能会对学校不满意，这样可以初步确认名额。

学校受到学生的确认之后，会发送一封学费确认信。

三、缴纳学费

在收到学校的学费确认信之后，就可以准备交学费了，在确认信中，会标明你需要缴纳的学费金额，支付学费的方式，接收学费的账户，一定要看清楚之后在进行汇款。

四、准备签证

交完学费之后，就开始准备签证吧，办签证需要的材料，包括护照、录取通知书和学费缴纳确认信。

带好所有的材料，前往瑞士驻中国的大使馆进行签证办理，瑞士在国内的大使馆不止一座，大家选择最近的一所就可以了。

欧洲留学德国留学申请书格式第3篇

研究“又A又B”格式的文章数量也不少, 这些研究主要集中于从汉语本体的角度对“又A又B”格式的研究。但是, “又A又B”格式在汉语作为第二语言教学方面的研究受关注度较低, 研究尚不够深入。本文通过“HSK动态作文语料库”中“又A又B”格式的语料收集与分析, 对留学生“又A又B”格式使用偏误进行归类和数据分析, 最后总结留学生“又A又B”格式偏误的总体分布。

一、“HSK动态作文语料库”中“又A又B”格式的偏误数量统计

笔者从“HSK动态作文语料库”中一共提取出438句有含“又A又B”格式的句子, 剔除重复句子后, 剩余有278句。其中, 根据“又A又B”连接成分的不同, 列表如下:

“又A又B”连接成分为同一成分的句子有265句, “又A又B”连接成分为异成分的句子有25句。从上表中, 我们发现留学生使用“又A又B”格式时偏向于使用简单结构, 因为连接成分为同成分的句子占例句总数的95.32%, 而异成分的句子仅占例句总数的4.68%。其中“词+词”结构占例句总数的比例高达“58.27%”。例句总数出现这样的情况, 这与“又A又B”格式的难度和留学生的学习策略有一定关系。因为“词+词”结构属于“又A又B”格式的简单用法, 学生在汉语作为第二语言教学的初级阶段就会学习, 因此学生有可能偏向于使用简单的知识。

经过仔细甄别分析, “又A又B”格式语料句子中正确的句子有181句, 错误的句子有121句, 经过筛选区分错误和偏误句子后, 得出和“又A又B”格式相关偏误的句子一共有80句。下面我们就各类型所出现的偏误数量及所占比例, 列表如下:

从表2可以看出, “又A又B”连接成分为同成分时, “句子+句子”结构的总偏误率比较高, 而“又A又B”连接成分为异成分时, “短语+词”结构所占总偏误率偏低, 这主要是由于“句子+句子”占例句总数的比例比较高, 而“短语+词”结构占例句总数的比例非常低。

同成分中“句子+句子”结构的偏误数占总偏误数的比例最高, 比例为“30.00%”, 但是“句子+句子”结构仅占例句总数的“22.66%”。这个结构并不是“又A又B”格式中例句数量最多的, 但是却是出现偏误最多的。我们认为这与“又A又B”格式的教学情况和留学生接触“又A又B”格式连接“句子+句子”这类结构相对较少有关。

“短语+短语”结构的偏误数量占其结构例句总数的比例高达78.57%, 占所有偏误总数量的“27.50%”。虽然“短语+短语”结构占例句总数的比例不太高, 但是仅28个例句中就有22个例句出现了偏误, 这说明留学生对于“又A又B”格式中连接成分为短语的知识掌握得很薄弱。除了“短语+短语”结构以外, “词+短语”结构也出现了类似的情况, 该结构的偏误占其例句总数的比例高达“69.23%”。“短语+词”的结构和“词+短语”结构的情况一样, 例句总数少, 但是出现的偏误多。而作为“又A又B”格式例句中比例数量最多的“词+词”结构, 出现的偏误数量在总偏误数量中占的比例少于“句子+句子”结构和“短语+短语”结构, 但是其偏误占该类例句的比例也有“12.35%”。

二、“HSK动态作文语料库”中“又A又B”格式的偏误类型

鲁健骥在其《外国人学习汉语的语法偏误分析》中分析了外国学生学习汉语的学习情况, 他曾指出偏误基本可分为四种类型:“遗漏偏误、误加偏误、误代偏误、错序偏误”[5]。田善继在《非对比性偏误分析》中提出常见偏误现象可归为“替代、类推、简化、回避、诱发”五种形式。[6]

本论文借鉴前人的分类标准, 同时结合“又A又B”格式的偏误情况, 把留学生“又A又B”格式的偏误分为四大类:遗漏、误加、误代、错序。

(一) 遗漏偏误

遗漏, 也称为缺失或缺省, 是指在词语或句中缺少了某些该用的成分。即在词语或句子中遗漏了某个或几个成分而导致的偏误。在“HSK动态作文语料库”中, 留学生使用“又A又B”格式出现的偏误, 遗漏偏误一共有8句, 占了偏误总数的10.00%。根据遗漏偏误句子的具体情况, 笔者对“又A又B”格式的遗漏偏误的情况进行统计。可见下表:

从上表我们可以发现在遗漏偏误中, “‘又A又B’格式的遗漏”与“‘又A又B’格式搭配的成分遗漏”所占遗漏偏误类型的比例是一样的。同时, “‘又A又B’连接成分A、B词语的遗漏”数量较少。但总体而言, 这三类遗漏偏误分布较均衡, 没有出现极端的现象。

(二) 误加偏误

误加, 也称多余, 是指在不应该使用某一词语或某种句法成分时使用了该词语或成分。在留学生使用“又A又B”格式出现的偏误中, 误加偏误一共有25句, 占了偏误总数的31.25%。笔者对“又A又B”格式的误加偏误的具体情况进行统计。可见下表:

可以发现误加偏误中, “‘又A又B’格式的误加”和“‘又A又B’连接成分A、B词语的误加”占误加偏误总量的比例相当。这说明留学生在学习“又A又B”格式时, 若出现误加偏误, “‘又A又B’格式的误加”和“‘又A又B’连接成分A、B词语的误加”出现的机率均等。

(三) 误代偏误

误代, 也称误用, 是指由于从两个或几个形式中选用了不适合于特定语言环境的一个而造成的偏误。这两个或几个形式在意义、用法或者形式上有所关联, 容易使学习者产生混淆。误代偏误一共有33句, 其占留学生“又A又B”格式偏误总数的41.25%。笔者对“又A又B”格式的误代偏误的具体情况进行统计。可见下表:

我们可以发现在误代偏误中, “‘又A又B’格式连接成分A、B的误代”占误代偏误总量的比例最大。从具体的例句中, 我们看到这大部分是因为“又A又B”格式连接成分A、B与修饰成分搭配不当出现的偏误。“又A又B”格式连接成分A、B的误代偏误与“又A又B”格式并无太大的关系, 而是留学生对词语搭配的掌握不够好造成的。

(四) 错序偏误

错序, 又称错位, 是指句中的词语或成分位置不当。语序是汉语重要的语法手段之一, 这也是汉语与其他语言有较大差异之处, 因此学习者的错序偏误非常普遍。留学生在使用“又A又B”格式时, 也出现了很多的错序偏误。笔者对“又A又B”格式的错序偏误的情况进行统计。可见下表:

从上表中, 我们可以发现, 错序偏误中, “‘又A又B’格式与连接成分A、B搭配的错序”占错序偏误总量的比例最大。主要因为留学生未完全掌握“述语+又+补语, 述语+又+补语”和“分句主语+又+谓语”这两种句序。

三、总结

从“HSK动态作文语料库”“又A又B”格式的偏误统计及分析中, 我们可以发现留学生运用“又A又B”格式时确实存在大量偏误。我们发现误代偏误占总偏误数量最多, 遗漏偏误占总偏误数量最少。虽然误代偏误的数量多但是与“又A又B”格式的相关性大的偏误仍占少数。除了遗漏偏误外, 误加、误代、错序偏误也都是留学生常出现的情况。因而教师在教学前应多留意学生可能出现的偏误。

摘要：本文通过“HSK动态作文语料库”中“又A又B”格式的语料收集与分析, 对留学生“又A又B”格式使用偏误进行归类和数据分析, 最后总结留学生“又A又B”格式偏误的总体情况。

关键词：又A又B,格式,留学生,偏误,统计,分析

参考文献

[1]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1980:633-635.

[2]北京大学中文系1955/1957级语音班.现代汉语虚词例释[M].商务印书馆, 1982:588.

[3]张斌主编.现代汉语虚词词典[M].商务印书馆, 2001:610.

[4]刘月华等著.实用现代汉语语法[M].商务印书馆, 2001:548.

[5]鲁健骥.外国人学汉语的语法偏误分析[J].语言教学与研究, 1994 (01) .

最早的欧洲留学第4篇

作为中国第一批主动走出国门、有意识地学习吸收西方油画语言体系的艺术先行者，他们已经毫无争议地进入到中国近现代油画史和美术史的坐标中。

近代中国赴欧留学曾有两个高潮：一是洋务运动容闳赴美幼童计划，包括赴欧留学的船政留学生；二是1911年辛亥革命前后到1949年，庚子赔款留美与赴法国高潮。但这段留学史并没有多少风平浪静的时候，容闳的幼童留美计划因清朝统治者的愚昧和腐朽而毁于一旦；庚子赔款留美学生的派遣由于革命爆发而被迫中止；30年代的留学又备受战争的冲击。

辛亥革命前后，留学日本的李叔同最先在中国教授油画，实际上，早在19世纪80年代后期，便有一批中国人为了生计远赴欧洲。据记载，早在1885年，李铁夫即前往欧美攻研西方艺术，受教于画家萨金特，可以说是最早熟练掌握了油画技巧的中国画家，被誉为中国近现代美术史上“中国油画第一人”。

此后近20年，陆续赴外国学习或考察西画的有冯钢百、李毅士、吴法鼎、林风眠、徐悲鸿、刘海粟、潘玉良、周碧初、庞薰琹、颜文樑、常书鸿、吴大羽、张充仁、吕斯百、唐一禾、吴作人、滑田友等。至40年代，还有吴冠中、赵无极等赴法国。这些留学生在国外大多接受的是以古典写实画法为宗旨的学院派教育，但也有不少人从印象主义、野兽主义乃至立体主义画家那里吸取了营养。在回国之后成为中国现代美术教育的探索者。如法国游学归来的周湘，他的创业精神使中国近现代美术教育发生了戏剧性的变化。作为中国第一批主动走出国门、有意识地学习吸收西方油画语言体系的艺术先行者，他们已经毫无争议地进入到中国近现代油画史和美术史的坐标中。

船政留学生与李铁夫

晚清中国向欧洲派遣留学生始于1875年。此前，中国最早的留美毕业生容闳在1872年到1875年间，受命主持选派幼童赴美，但因国内守旧势力的反对，清政府最终在1881年决定分批撤回留学生，幼童留学计划就此夭折。

不断加深的海疆危机，洋务派官员强烈的海防忧患意识，及洋务派兴办造船工业和创办近代海军的客观需要，是清政府船政留欧教育的根本动力。1873年秋，左宗棠在甘肃兰州上书总理衙门：“今幸闽厂工匠自能制造，学生日能精世，兹事可望有成，再议遣人赴泰西游历各处，籍资学习，互相考证，精益求精。”不久，船政大臣沈葆桢又上书，奏请从福建船政学堂“挑选天资聪颖异学有根底的学生，分别派赴法国、英国学习造船、驾驶”，很快得到批准。1881年至1897年的晚清20余年，中国共分批向欧洲派赴船政留学生140余人。

官派公费赴欧美的留学活动构成了这一时期出国留学的主体，但留学政策存在一定缺陷，规模过小，而且派遣留学缺乏长远规划，很大程度上只是一种应急措施，无固定机构办理，派遣时间和人数也有很大的随意性。一方面，容闳幼童计划时，因为风气未开，无人愿意送子弟出国，因此，清政府采取负担学生全部学习、生活费用的措施，以吸引一些家境贫困的子弟。另一方面，船政留学在选拔学生出洋时，要求有相当的专业知识和中学根底，还须“通晓泰西语言文学”，其关注点在于船政方面的教育和学习。

除了官派留学，教会资助也是出国的途径之一。1885年，李铁夫采取了第三条途径——自费出国，他先赴加拿大后到英国学习。1887年，李铁夫在亲属资助下进入英国阿灵顿美术学校主攻油画、水彩，这是中国人出洋学习西画所迈出的第一步。

早在1885年，李铁夫即前往欧美攻研西方艺术。近20年后，才陆续有李超士、林风眠、徐悲鸿、刘海粟、冯钢百等一大批人出国学习西方艺术。在中国近现代美术史上，李铁夫是最先到西方学习并成为造诣最深的“中国油画第一人”。

李铁夫长期系统地攻研了西方油画艺术，而且他的写实主义风格深得欧洲传统艺术的精髓，领悟了西方油画的精神内质，达到了高深造诣。李铁夫留学时期，深受萨金特和威廉·切斯的影响，所不同的是，他的色彩比萨金特更为朴实含蓄，更着重于写意传神，用笔也较威廉·切斯更为粗犷有力。李铁夫的油画肖像，光线和章法的处理虽然大体上仍保持“学院派”古典作风的严谨庄重，但色彩的运用已打破了单调沉闷的棕色调，而且善于根据每个对象的特性和思想情感的不同，去安排总体的色彩效果，故能变化多样而不落俗套。笔触简洁而活跃，富有节奏感和运动感。

但郭宝林的评价“无论是李铁夫油画语言的精纯度、技法掌握，还是在西方所取得的艺术成就与声望，都是中国早期乃至后来相当一段时期西方绘画追习者们远远难以企及的”并不恰当，李铁夫对国内的影响非常有限。1930年，李铁夫归国后蛰居香港，几乎没有参与国内的美术运动，似乎成了社会的“边缘人”。香港钟声慈善社1935年1月18日为李铁夫举办的画展，轰动一时，甚至港督、徐悲鸿都专程前往，徐悲鸿还称誉他的油画属“国内之首”，但李铁夫的状况依然如故。直到1950年8月，李铁夫81岁才终于被接回了广州，但没过两年就与世长辞，对美术教育影响甚微。

国内西方潮流在那些日本归国的艺术家，如李叔同以及更为年轻的留学生回到祖国之后才如火如荼。因此李铁夫的声名与影响力远远不及后来的徐悲鸿、林风眠、刘海粟等人。直到20世纪70年代末期，才陆续有谭雪生、迟轲、秦牧、吕理尚等有识之士关注和研究李铁夫及其艺术。

李铁夫在纽约美术学院的同学冯钢百有着在美国和法国留学的经历，但他相对幸运，长寿并在生前获得了持久的名声。冯钢百回国后成立了“赤社美术研究会”，之后，还参与了广州市立美术学校的组建。实际上，在绘画语言与技法方面，冯钢百更为接近欧洲古典油画，他几乎没有受到法国或者欧洲兴起的现代主义影响，也没有参加任何关于艺术问题的论战。但是，在一个历史的转折时期，冯钢百的艺术与他在西方美术教育方面的努力，构成了不可忽视的影响。廖冰兄这样评价：“把当时为数不多的长于油画及其他西洋画种的画家结集在一起，致力传播西洋画艺术、培养掌握西洋绘画技法人材。这些志同道合的先驱之所以积极投入这项工作，并不仅仅是为了在我国传播油画，而且是为了借西洋画来革新停滞已久的中国美术，是对接着辛亥革命而来的五四运动所掀起的民主革命浪潮在文化艺术方面的响应。”因此可以说，冯钢百和此时的其他画家一样，更多地是担负起了历史转折时期的中国美术教育或者革命活动的角色。

李毅士也是较早留学欧洲的艺术家之一。他在完成艺术专业的学习之后，还成为了格拉斯哥大学物理系的学生。他擅长黑白画和单色水彩画，运用中国水墨画的笔墨技法结合西画的严谨造型、科学透视和光线处理。他同样将大部分精力致力于艺术教育：回国后受蔡元培之聘任教于北京大学理工学院；1918年被聘为北大画法研究会黑白画导师；1919年兼任北京高等师范国画手工专修科西画教授；1921年与吴法鼎、王悦之等20人组织“阿博洛学会”；1924年冬受刘海粟邀请，到上海任私立上海美专教务长。由此其创作相对较少，且作品大多在战争中丢失。

由此可以看出，民国第一批欧洲留学画家虽然具有开创性意义、有深厚的功底和突出成就，但却过多分身于美术教育和其他艺术门类及社会活动，因此在绘画面貌和作品数量上不够突出和丰富。这与后来留法画家有着很大不同。

2022德国留学申请书格式第5篇

2022德国留学申请书

Dear _,

I am interested in pursuing a Geography course at University. Studying Geography will provide me with a better understanding of topical issues that affect the world around us, and also improve my presentational skills and independent learning skills. I am currently studying A-Levels Geography and Drama, which has provided me with a keen interest in current affairs; therefore I am interested in areas such as development and environmental issues

I feel that these subject areas will provide me with a sound background to build a degree

My interests in Drama started early in College where I found that I enjoyed many of the techniques used within Drama. This gave me the confidence to take part in college productions, I have also developed my knowledge of Greek Tragedies, Physical Theatre and Monologues, and whilst studying an A-Level in Performing Arts I have developed my leadership skills and confidence to a mature standard

During my work experience I had the opportunity to work with a professional and extremely dedicated armourer. I used these two weeks to great advantage by broadening my knowledge in a diverse trade, which requires skill and extremely good technique. These two weeks helped me develop many skills such as concentration and independent working, work experience has also provided me with experience in a trade which can be used to fall back on, due to the fact that this is a family trade I therefore I have a platform in which to start up

Within college I play an active role within college and also within my tutor group. I was elected student Council Representative, which has not only developed my communications skills but furthered my organisation skills. Within my tutor group I interact as much as possible by taking part in the tutor football team, and helping out my tutor with international dimensions week, which consists of helping younger students to develop skills they can use in the future. I have also worked with the P.E department by refereeing sports day football

As part of my personal development personal development, I helped in a Year 7 Drama class and used my own skills to help students out with plays, this taught me qualities of leadership such as motivation and patience

My hobbies include a wide range of sports, most notably rugby where I play at club level and county level, I hope to use this sporting background to play in a University team. I also take a great interest in football, golf and occasionally play tennis, I work part time within the College itself working in the Site Team, which has developed my reliability and communications skills

I regard myself to be an extremely friendly and hard working person. I have become very determined and independent as a result of pursuing my A-Levels; and hope this provides a good background for University. I look forward to the challenge of University life and the opportunities that will arise as a result.

Yours sincerely,

xuexila

德国留学了解生活小妙招

第一个，节假日去超市

注意每一期超市的采购指南，特别是节假日有很多优惠，会有很多意想不到的收获。每年的一月和七月中下旬，为期三到四周，所有大型商场都大打折扣，5折是很正常的，3折甚至1折的商品也能遇到。每周三下午，很多大型超市也有特价产品销售，大家注意逛逛。

第二个，专卖店少进

德国化妆品不进专卖店，买日化品和卫生用品不进药店，买床上用品不用进床上用品专卖店，买肉不要进肉店等等。总之买东西就去廉价连锁超市(ALDI、PLUS、LIDL、PENNY等)，或者去大型综合超市，如Real，Walmart，Hertie和Kaufhof(偏贵)。等熟悉价格和产品后再适当放宽选择。到偏僻一点的大型购物中心会比去购物街、步行街、市中心便宜不少。刚到德国可能都不太了解，可以向同学朋友多打听。

第三个，保险一定要买

德国的保险是向保险公司直接购买。一般外国学生购买的保险同时包括医疗、人身意外伤害、第三人责任险，价格在30到50欧元，应该说是极为便宜的，因为即使去治疗一个小感冒也可能超过这个数额;而第三人责任险赔付额达50万欧元。因为德国人怕发生此类伤害外国人无法赔偿，所以最后这一个险是规定外国人必买的。

第四个，建议小票不要丢

很多东西都有两三年的质保期，甚至可以换新，但是如果你丢失了原来的收据账单就彻底没戏了。特别是划卡购买完，一定要及时去银行打印对账单。每月至少去银行打印一次信用卡对账单，认真看你的每一个账单和签署的每一个协议，重要的保存好。信用卡签名要尽量复杂点，以免发生被人冒用等意外损失。

第五个，廉价品也质量好

很多没听说过的品牌可能更加好用，从最廉价的开始，看价格合理的就试试。多尝试几个品牌，就会发现有很多物美价廉的东西。德国的廉价品不等于劣质产品，更不用担心会买到伪劣商品，如果不满意，大超市都可以让你无条件退货。

德国留学受欢迎的十座城市

第一名：柏林

去年没有上榜的柏林今年直接获得第一名。对于国际人才来说，柏林是德国吸引力的城市之一。施普雷河旁的工业产业已经不复存在，取而代之的是初创企业、知名大学和许多研究机构，他们带来了的创新力前途无量。

第二名：慕尼黑

慕尼黑的排名下降了一位。但是巴伐利亚首府慕尼黑是上市公司的聚集地，宝马、西门子等国际知名公司均设立在此。这些公司给慕尼黑带来了极大的经济活力。另外，慕尼黑也一直保持着较高的工资水平。

第三名：菲尔特

玩具业是菲尔特的主要经济产业，这座城市同时也是太阳能技术的中心。在老年人就业率和新建房屋数量方面菲尔特排名靠前。欧洲邮购公司Quelle的总部设在菲尔特。

第四名：雷根斯堡

雷根斯堡，这个坐落于多瑙河畔的大学城，具有独特的优势，它在任何方面都没有短板，一直在均衡而稳定的发展。

第五名：法兰克福

法兰克福在金融业和经济发展方面领衔欧盟。由于英国脱欧进程已经开始，法兰克福在欧盟中的地位和吸引力可能更为重要和不可或缺。

第六名：海尔布隆

海尔布隆是德国巴登-符腾堡州北部的城市，是该州的第六大城市和符腾堡的第二大城市。海尔布隆过去几年房地产业发展很好。就业增长率和女性就业率表现突出。

第七名：纽伦堡

纽伦堡是德国巴伐利亚州的第二大城市，仅次于首府慕尼黑，是世界大企业集团西门子公司的诞生地。纽伦堡与它的两座姊妹城市菲尔特和埃尔朗根相邻极近，城区相连，常被称作“大纽伦堡地区”。

第八名：奥格斯堡

奥格斯堡拥有发展较好的就业市场，还有繁荣的房地产业。也是德国最古老的城市之一。

第九名：莱比锡

莱比锡是德国萨克森州第一大城市，后，保时捷和宝马这2大汽车业巨头将工厂迁入莱比锡。，保时捷Panamera的四门式工厂在Leipzig开始运作。

第十名：维尔茨堡

德国个人留学申请书格式第6篇

Dear _,

As a production factor, human resource also faces scarcity—in the technical sense of economics—the way that other forms of resource face. Therefore, when an individual makes a choice as a human factor, he or she has to take into account of the opportunity cost to himself (or herself) in particular and to the society as a whole within the general framework of his or her individual value. My resolution to pursue an advanced program in the field of marketing is precisely founded on the guidelines provided by economics. My personal interest and ample potential allow me to possess comparative advantage in pursuing marketing for reasons that I will state in the succeeding paragraphs, and I believe that my choice is a rationalized choice in keeping with the rules of economics.

My interest in marketing commenced with the learning of two important courses in my sophomore year—Marketing and Management. The first year of my undergraduate program at the Department of Accounting, Henan University, was spent in overwhelming frustration because I was arbitrarily assigned to study accounting as my specialty, a subject in which I had little interest. However, in learning Marketing and Management, I discovered my real interest. In retrospection, this interest of mine stemmed from my willingness to communicate and exchange with people, my desire to experience the collisions between different schools of thought, the interdisciplinary nature between those two subjects, and the demands that they impose on a person’s creative thinking. The 4P’s as advocated in marketing (price, place, promotion and product) are specifically oriented toward market fluctuations and they require special sensitivity in capturing market information, thorough understanding of the problems involved, and the ability to solve problems by sound logical reasoning. The four aspects as represented by 4P’s constitute the fields in which I made conscious efforts to develop and to improve my competence. While taking the market course, I immersed myself in various western textbooks including the classic work Marketing Management by Philip Kotlor. Meanwhile, I endeavored to assimilate useful knowledge from case studies, realizing the empirical nature of the subject. I had a habit of applying a multiplicity of perspectives from different frameworks of knowledge to bear on the same problem and for this reason I once achieved the highest score in my department in an oral presentation. My teacher of the Marketing course, who is also the chairman of the Marketing Department, believed that I was most suited to a career in marketing. His remarks gave me tremendous encouragement and further reinforced my determination to seek an advanced education in this fascinating area.

Marketing is an applied science that calls for constant practice based on a mastery of its theories and principles in order to develop an awareness of how marketing is actually conducted. During the summer vacation in the second year, having completed the marketing course, I participated in the promotion campaign on behalf of the Little Swan Home Appliances Products (Little Swan being the brand name of China’s most famous producer of home appliances) at Zhengzhou Department Store in Henan Province. During the promotion campaign, we provided detailed information to our prospective clients concerning the products and their post-sale services on one hand and submitted the feedback to the headquarters on the other. This refreshing experience of directly facing clients excited me, making me all the more interested in various activities that could increase my practical knowledge of marketing. One of such activities was a project my classmates and I contrived for developing a realistic understanding of the principles of Marketing Lens Model. According to this model, different individuals may experience major differences in their cognition of their surroundings due to differences in their education, backgrounds and personal experiences, which lead to their development of their differential cognitive lenses. Our project team conducted an all-campus evaluation of the teachers’ performance and of the soundness of the curriculum in the form of questionnaires and follow-up surveys. Based on the findings of our investigation, we submitted to the university authorities rationalization proposals concerning how to improve of the quality of teaching and how education could be geared to the specific needs of students. Positively commented upon, our proposals were mostly adopted by the authorities. This successful experience made me understand that some concepts of marketing could be fruitfully applied to different walks of life, not merely put into service for the profit-making organizations.

My practical work experience in marketing started with my employment at the Sales Department of Beijing Education & Cultural Communications Center upon my graduation in the summer of . Over the past one year, I participated in planning promotion campaigns for several sets of book series and in the management of media publicity. I was also responsible for designing the exhibitions for those book series. However, in performing my responsibilities, I became dismayed by the reality. Theoretically speaking, marketing responsibilities within a company should be specified and marketing personnel should perform their duties according to specialized division of labor so that the efficiency can be optimized. Nevertheless, in actual operations, different divisions of labor among different departments tend to produce conflicted interests and communication barriers, resulting in disruptions in work schedules and in reduced efficiency. I came to realize that teamwork is still a major problem within Chinese context, especially in the field of marketing, that needs to be worked out. To materialize good concepts of marketing, optimum approaches must be adopted that can meet the changing circumstances of the environment. My heretofore work experience shows me that, although marketing has developed into a comprehensive discipline that is both enlightening and capable of social guidance over a century-long innovation and evolution, the idea of marketing as the strategic presence of a given enterprise has not yet been established within the Chinese economic milieu. With the increased competition brought about by globalization, especially with China’s accession to the WTO, the widely-accepted conventional formula of “production + product + marketing” has been rendered obsolescent, unable to satisfy the needs of China’s present buyer’s market and the necessity to maintain sustainable development after China’s WTO accession. In particular, faced with the challenges posed by the emergence of knowledge economy, Chinese enterprises must revolutionize its conventional notions of marketing. Toward this objective, Chinese enterprises must top-level management and marketing professionals who can formulate effective marketing strategies and establish highly efficient marketing network. In this regard, prospective marketing professionals have a mission and a responsibility to perform. Apart from my interest and my potential, this factor constitutes the most direct reason behind my current effort to apply for a Ph.D. program in marketing at your prestigious university. It is my expectation that in my future degree program I will be exposed to the most recent concepts and modes of thinking in marketing which I can ultimately apply to the Chinese marketing practice.

Although I did not major in marketing as an undergraduate, my professional training in accounting can nevertheless be instrumental to my academic and career development in the future. The specialty of accounting also required me to receive basic training in economics and management, an education background that allowed me to evolve mental habits characteristic of economics and management. In my undergraduate program, trainings in the development of mental habits were far more important than the mere acquisition of book knowledge and my performance in work has also indicated that I excel my peers in logical reasoning and in economics-specific mentality. My GPA is not absolutely high (but showing obvious ascendancy), which could be attributed to my initial dislike for accounting on one hand and to my extensive participation in extracurricular activities to satiate my special love for marketing practices. Those activities consumed a considerable amount of my time and energy that I could otherwise have devoted to coursework. Nevertheless, I take great comfort in having developed my empirical knowledge of marketing by participating in those activities.

Successful marketing is the most crucial strategic arrangement in making quality products available to prospective consumers. Having accumulated necessary knowledge and experience, I have an implicit faith in myself as a most competitive candidate for your Ph.D. program. In presenting myself for your scrutiny, I am doing an important “marketing” of myself. I sincerely wish that my further exploration in the field of marketing could be made possible with this very “marketing” of myself.

Yours sincerely,

xuexila.com/shenqing/

德国留学好的大学申请要求

一、柏林工业大学(Technische UnBerliniversitt)

柏林工业大学(Technische Universitt Berlin，缩写TUB)是世界理工院校，德国九所卓越理工大学联盟TU9成员之一，是柏林地区所理工科大学，也是德国规模的工业大学。其中，柏林工业大学景观设计专业设在建筑学院。

申请要求：

在校成绩：本科平均分70-75分;

语言成绩：托福80分，雅思6-6.5分;德语授课的课程要求4级以上;

进入重点大学(国家211工程院校)四年制或五年制本科，至少修满一个学期;

进入普通大学四年制或五年制本科，至少修满三个学期。

二、汉诺威大学(Universitt Hannover)

汉诺威大学(Universitt Hannover)全称为汉诺威莱布尼兹大学(Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universitt Hannover)，位于德国下萨克森州首府汉诺威，始建于 1831 年，是德国的公立大学。