日常用语中英文对照范文第1篇

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。 在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1) 压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。 (2) 压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3) 燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4) 液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5) 控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。 (6) 控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system. The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing. Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful. As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans. These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure. At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable. A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system. The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale. This was achieved by separating pressure generation (in the high-pressure pump) from the fuel-injection system (injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator. Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components; ② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines. The electronic diesel control (EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators. The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors. They are fitted with a rapid-action valve (solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator) which opens and closes the nozzle. This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder. All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”. In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate. The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity. The electronic diesel control (EDC) controls each of the components. (1) Pressure Generation. Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume. Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection. A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure. Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity. Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems. This results in a much lower load on the pump drive. The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump. On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted. (2) Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system. One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve. Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve. This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point ( e. g. in the event of load changes ) . Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems. The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail. In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump. Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side. The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system. In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum. Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump. This has a positive impact on fuel consumption. At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side. The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control. (3) Fuel Injection. The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers. They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail. The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle. The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered. At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve. This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed( time-based fuel injection ). (4) Potential Hydraulic Power. Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems; the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa; in future this will rise to 180 MPa. The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly. Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times. The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid. (5) Control and Regulation. The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors. The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle; ② Fuel-rail pressure; ③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc. The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals. In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators ( e.g. the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc. ). The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system. The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state ( time control ). The electronic diesel control (EDC) permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity. In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience. The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure. In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics. Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience. Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation; ② Boost-pressure control; ③ Cruise control;

日常用语中英文对照范文第2篇

高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，为夺取全Hold high the great banner of socialism with

Chinese characteristics and strive for new 面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗

victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. At a crucial stage of 在关键阶段

Follow the guidance of 以为指导

The important thought of Three Represents 三个代表重要思想

Scientific Outlook on Development 科学发展观

Emancipate the mind 解放思想

In contemporary China 当代中国

People of all ethnic groups 全国各族人民

Magic instrument 法宝

Provide a strong driving force for 强大动力

Represent the fundamental interests of sb 根本利益所在

Undergo extensive and profound changes 发生广泛而深刻的变化

Going through a wide-ranging and deep-going 发生广泛而深刻的变革

transformation

With opportunities outweighing challenges 机遇大于挑战

Starting from this period of historical point 从新的历史起点出发

Important period of strategic opportunities 重要战略机遇期

Stay realistic and pragmatic 求真务实

Forging ahead with determination 锐意进取

Accomplish the lofty mission bestowed by the 完成时代赋予的崇高使命

times

一、过去五年的工作

Create a new situation in the cause of 开创了事业新局面

Attain a new realm in adapting Marxism to 开拓了马克思主义中国化新境界

conditions in China Establish as its guide 确立的指导地位

Make the strategic decision to 作出的战略决策

Deepen institutional restructuring 深化机构改革

Strengthen the governance capacity of the 加强党的执政能力建设

Party

Draw up the Eleventh Five-Year Plan 制定“十一五”规划

Major issues of overall significance 关系全局的重大问题

Formulate and apply 提出并贯彻 取得新的重大成就 经济实力大幅提升 经济保持平稳快速发展 经济效益

社会主义新农村 自主创新能力 载人航天飞行 取得新进展/进步 农业税 牧业税 特产税

支农惠农政策

金融 财税

非公有制经济 宏观调控 政府职能 “走出去”战略 开放型经济

最低生活保障制度 消费结构

市场体系不断健全 民主法制 政治体制改革 稳步推进

人民代表大会制度

中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度

民族区域自治制度 基层民主活力增强 爱国统一战线 依法治国 行政管理体制 司法体制 文化建设

社会主义核心价值体系 扎实推进

马克思主义理论研究和建设工程 思想道德建设广泛开展 全社会文明程度进一步提高

Score great new achievements

Economic strength increased substantially The economy sustained steady and rapid growth

Economic performance A new socialist countryside

Capacity for independent innovation Manned spaceflights

Fresh progress was registered in Agricultural tax Livestock tax

Taxes on special agricultural products

Policies to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers Banking

Public finance and taxation

Non-public sector of the economy Macroeconomic regulation Government functions “go global” strategy Open economy

The system of subsistence allowance Consumption patterns

A sound market was being put in place. Democracy and legal system Political restructuring Progress steadily

System of people’s congress

System of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC System of regional ethnic autonomy

Primary-level democracy increased its vitality Patriotic united front Rule of law

Government administration system Judicial system

Cultural development

System of socialist core values Efforts to ..make steady headway

Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory Extensive efforts were made to raise ideological and ethical standards.

The whole of society became more culturally advanced. 文化体制改革

文化事业和文化产业 精神文化生活 全民健身运动 竞技体育

抗击非典取得重大胜利 公共卫生体系 基本医疗服务 安居乐业 军队 军事变革 履行历史使命 制定反分裂国家法 领土完整 全方位

独立自主的和平外交政策 执政能力

保持共产党员先进性教育活动取得重大成果 党内民主

领导班子和干部队伍 干部人事制度

党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争 清醒意识到 不小差距 代价过大 难度加大

司法和社会治安

关系群众切身利益的问题 生活比较困难

思想道德建设有待加强 基层党组织软弱涣散 作风不正 形式主义 官僚主义

综合国力大幅度提升 人民得到更多实惠 国际地位

党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力Cultural restructuring

Cultural programs and cultural industry Cultural life

Public fitness programs Competitive sports

The battle against SARS came to a great victory.

Public health system Basic medical care

Live and work in peace and contentment The armed forces

Revolution in military affairs

Accomplish their historical missions Anti-Secession Law was enacted Territorial integrity All-directional

Independent foreign policy of peace Governance capacity

The campaign to educate Party members to preserve their vanguard nature Yield substantial results Intra-Party democracy

Leading bodies and the ranks of its cadres Cadre and personnel system

Improve the Party’s style of work, upholding integrity and combating corruption Be well aware that Fall short of

At an excessively high cost of It has become more difficult to

Administration of justice and public order Problems affecting people’s immediate interests in areas such as Lead a rather difficult life

More efforts are needed to promote ideological and ethical progress.

Primary Party organizations are week and lax. Not honest and upright Formalism Bureaucratism

China’s overall strength grew considerably. People enjoy more tangible benefits International standing

Creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness

民主党派 人民团体 各界爱国人士 侨胞

of the Party

Democratic parties People’s organizations

Patriots from all walks of life Overseas Chinese nationals

二、改革开放的伟大历史进程

十一届三中全会

开启了改革开放历史新时期

一往无前的进取精神

波澜壮阔的创新实践

谱写了史诗

中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进在新的时代条件下

新的伟大革命

社会生产力

实现国家现代化

振兴伟大的中华民族

自我完善

赋予新的生机活力

党的建设

保持和发展党的先进性

走在时代前列

第一代中央领导集体

艰辛探索

历经艰辛

社会主义建设规律

新民主主义革命

根本政治前提和制度基础

实事求是

以阶级斗争为纲

工作中心

社会主义初级阶段

基本路线

吹响的时代号角

继承

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee

Usher in the new historical period of reform and opening up

In an indomitable enterprising spirit With spectacular practice of innovation Compose an epic recounting Chinese nation’s ceaseless efforts to make progress and become stronger In a new era A great new revolution Productive forces Modernize the country Achieve the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

Self-improvement Inject new vitality into The building of the Party Preserve and enhance its vanguard nature In the forefront of the times First generation of the central collective leadership

Painstaking exploration for Going through all the hardships Laws governing socialist construction New-democratic revolution Fundamental political prerequisite and institutional basis

Seeking truth from facts Take class struggle as the key link Focus of the work Primary stage of socialism The basic line for Sound the clarion call of the times for Carry on 重大历史关头 与时俱进 ** 依靠

开创全面开放新局面 以为指导 顺应形势

发扬求真务实、开拓进取精神 坚定不移地把继续推向前进 最鲜明的特点 全面改革 势不可挡

沿海、沿江、沿边

毅然决然

历史上从未有过的 极大地调动积极性

高度集中的计划经济体制 充满活力的

面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来 巍然屹立在世界东方 现代化建设“三步走”战略 以世界上少有的速度 一度濒临崩溃的边缘 跃至世界第四

温饱不足 总体小康 举世瞩目

稳定地走上了富裕安康的广阔道路 最突出的标志

马克思主义思想路线 焕发出勃勃生机 事实雄辩地证明 一帆风顺 一蹴而就 最根本的是 符合党心民心 没有出路

坚持四项基本原则 At a critical historical juncture Keep up with the times Political turbulences Rely on

Usher in a new phase of all-round opening up Follow the guidance of Keep up with

Promote the truth-seeking, pragmatic and pioneering spirit

Resolutely carry forward The most salient feature Sweeping reform

With irresistible momentum

Coastal areas, areas along the Yangtze River and the borders Resolutely

Never seen before in history

Greatly stimulate the enthusiasm of A highly centralized planned economy Robust

Oriented toward modernization, the world and the future

Stand rock-firm in the East

Three-step strategy for modernization At a rate rarely seen in the world Once on the verge of collapse

Has grown to rank as the fourth largest in the world

Inadequately fed and clad

Lead a fairly comfortable life on the whole Capture the world attention

Move steadily toward prosperity and happiness

Prominent hallmark Marxist ideological line Show great vitality

Facts have incontrovertibly proved that Be plain sailing

Be accomplished overnight Essentially

Accord with the aspirations of the Party membership and the people Would only lead to a blind alley Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles 首创精神 经济基础 上层建筑 社会生产力 文明素质 提高效率 社会公平 摆脱贫困 理论体系 开辟道路 社会主义民主政治 社会主义先进文化 社会主义和谐社会 文明的 最近成果 精神财富 共同思想基础

《共产党宣言》的发表

焕发出强大的生命力、创造力、感召力

实践永无止境，创新永无止尽 勇于变革、勇于创新 永不僵化、永不停滞

三、深入贯彻落实科学发展观

Continuation and development 继承和发展

World outlook 世界观

Methodology 方法论

A concentrated expression of 集中体现

In the same line as 一脉相承

Guiding principle for 指导方针

Basic reality 基本国情

The overall productivity remains low. 生产力水平总体上还不高

Longstanding 长期形成的

Structural problems 机构性矛盾

Extensive mode of growth 粗放型增长方式

Yet to be fundamentally addressed 尚未根本改变

Structural and institutional obstacles 体制机制障碍

Further reforms in difficult areas 改革攻坚

Deep-seated problems 深层次矛盾和问题

As a whole 总体上

A relatively comfortable standard of living 小康水平

Pioneering initiative Economic base Superstructure Productive forces

Cultural and ethical quality Raise efficiency Social equity Eliminate poverty A system of theory Blaze a path of

Socialist democracy

An advanced socialist culture A harmonious socialist society Culturally advanced Latest achievement Intellectual assets

Common ideological foundation

The publication of the Communist Manifesto Demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal

There is no end to practice or innovation. Make bold changes and innovations Stay away from rigidity or stagnation 根本扭转 相当数量

统筹兼顾各方面利益 农业基础

缩小城乡、区域发展差距 依法治国 扎实贯彻 扩大人民民主 政治体制改革

思想活动的独立性、选择性、多变性、差异性

提出了更高的要求 社会结构 社会组织形式 社会利益格局 面临诸多新课题 不懈努力 生产力 生产关系 社会主要矛盾 日益增长的 具体表现 妄自菲薄 自甘落后

脱离实际, 急于求成 保持清醒头脑 全面参与

工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化 深刻把握

开拓更为广阔的前景 第一要义是发展 核心是以人为本 统筹兼顾 执政兴国 第一要务

具有决定性意义 科教兴国 人才强国 转变发展方式 破解发展难题 提高质量和效益 团结和睦 Thoroughly reversed A considerable number of

Accommodate the interests of all sides Foundation of agriculture

Narrow the urban-rural and interregional gaps Rule of law

We made steady progress in Expand people’s democracy Political restructuring

People have become more independent, selective, changeable and diverse in thinking. Set higher requirements for Structure of society

The way society is organized Pattern of social interests

New issues have emerged in Unremitting efforts Productive forces

Relations of production

Society’s principal contradiction Ever-growing

A concrete manifestation of Belittle ourselves

Wallow in backwardness

Unrealistic pursuit of quick results Remain sober-minded Full involvement in

Industrialized, information-based, urbanized, market-oriented and internationalized Have a good grasp of

Open up a broader vista of

Take development as its essence Put people first as its core Overall consideration

Governing and rejuvenating the country Top priority

Of decisive significance

Rejuvenating the country through science and technology

Strengthen the nation with trained personnel Transform the mode of development Crack hard issues

Raise quality and efficiency Unity and amity 全心全意为人民服务 一切奋斗和工作 最广大人民 出发点和落脚点 主体地位

发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享 总体布局

各个环节、各个方面 协调 生产发展 文明发展道路

资源节约型、环境友好型社会 城乡发展 区域发展

局部利益和整体利益 当前利益和长远利益 充分调动各方面积极性

树立世界眼光，加强战略思维 营造良好国际环境

总揽全局

“一个中心、两个基本点”的基本路线

生命线

兴旺发达和长治久安 立国之本 本质属性

贯穿全过程 社会物质财富 社会公平正义 一贯主张

充满活力、安定有序

人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题 各尽其能、各得其所 治国理政 体制改革创新 关键环节

Serving the people wholeheartedly Every endeavor

The overwhelming majority of the people The aim and outcome Principal position

Development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits. Overall arrangement All links and aspects Coordinate/balance Expanded production

An enlightened approach to development

Resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society

Urban and rural development Development among regions

Interests of the part and those of the whole Immediate and long-term interests Fully arouse the initiative of all sides

Develop a global and strategic perspective Work for a favorable international environment

Work from an overall perspective

Taking economic development as the central task and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as “one central task and two basic points” Lifeblood

Robust growth and lasting stability

The very foundation for building our country An essential attribute of Throughout the cause of Material wealth of society Social equity and justice Consistent position

Vigor and vitality, stability and order

The most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people

A situation in which all people do their best, find their proper places in society Governance

Institutional reform and innovation Crucial link 切实 执政兴国

把握科学发展观的科学内涵和精神实质

自觉性和坚定性 制约

In earnest

Governance and rejuvenating the nation

Fully understand the content and grasp the essence of the Scientific Outlook on Development

Conscious and determined constrain

四、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求

Basic program 基本纲领

Ensure sound and rapid economic growth 实现经济又好又快发展

Improve economic returns 提高效益

quadruple 翻两番

Capacity for independent innovation 自主创新能力

Scientific and technological advance 科技进步

The ratio of consumption 居民消费率

Interactive 互动

Layout of development priority zones 主体功能区布局

Participation in political affairs 政治参与

Carry out more thoroughly 深入落实

Public awareness of law will be further 全社会法制观念进一步增强

enhanced.

Government administration based on the rule 法制政府建设

of law

Cultural and ethical quality 文明素质

Prevail among the people 深入人心

Ideological and ethical trends 思想道德风尚

Every aspect of 全面

National education 国民教育

Education attainment 受教育程度

Employment will be further expanded 社会就业更加充分

System of social security 社会保障体系

Make up the majority 占多数

Circular economy 循环经济

Conservation culture 生态文明

Structure of industries 产业结构

Pattern of growth 增长方式

Mode of consumption 消费模式

Be brought under effective control 得到有效控制

Country with an ancient civilization 历史悠久的文明古国

Enhance our confidence 坚定信心

五、促进国民经济又好又快发展

转变经济增长方式

大力推进经济结构战略性调整

节能环保

社会主义市场经济规律

综合国力

关键

国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要

前沿技术研究

社会公益性技术研究

促进科技成果向现实生产力转化

科技成果产业化

激励机制

一线的创新人才

使全社会创新智慧竞相迸发,各方面创新人才大量涌现

紧迫

扩大国内需求

新型工业化道路

高新技术产业

重中之重

支农惠农政策

保护耕地

乡镇企业

转移农民就业

金融体制

适度规模经营

节能减排

责任制

实现基本公共服务均等化

生产要素

西部大开发

Transformation of the development pattern Vigorously push forward strategic economic restructuring

Energy and environment conservation Laws governing the socialist market economy Overall national strength A crucial link Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development(2006-20) Research in frontier technology Technological research for public welfare Promoting the translation of scientific and technological advances into practical productive forces

Application of scientific and technological achievements in production Incentive mechanism Innovative personnel in the frontline of production

Inspire the creative wisdom of the whole

society and bring forth large numbers of innovative personnel in all areas Pressing Boost domestic demand New path of industrialization New- and high-technological industries Make it a top priority Support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers

Protect arable land Rural enterprises Transfer rural labor out of farming through various channels Banking system Appropriate large-scale operations Conserving energy and reducing emissions Responsibility system Ensure equal access to basic public services Factors of production Large-scale development of the western region

Rejuvenate northeast China and other old 全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地

industrial bases Take the lead 率先发展

Economic rims and belts 经济圈和经济带

革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区 Old revolutionary base areas, ethnic

autonomous areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas Overall carrying capacity 综合承载能力

City clusters 城市群

Poles of economic growth 经济增长极

公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展 Public ownership is dominant and different

economic sectors develop side by side Non-public sector 非公有制经济

Reinforce each other 相互促进

Deepen the reform to introduce the corporate 深化国有企业公司制股份制改革

and shareholding systems Distribution and structure 布局和结构

Enhance its dynamism, dominance and 增强活力、控制力、影响力

influence

Government regulation 政府监管

Public oversight 社会监督

Collective-owned enterprises 集体企业

Social credibility system 社会信用体系

Public finance system 公共财政体系

Have financial resources proportionate to their 财力和事权相匹配

duties and responsibilities General transfer payments 一般性转移支付

Compensation systems for use of resources 生态环境补偿机制

and for damage to the ecological environment RMB exchange rate regime 人民币汇率形成机制

Make the RMB convertible under capital 实现资本项目可兑换

accounts

Expand opening up in scope and depth 拓展对外开放广度和深度

“bring in” and “go global” “引进来”和“走出去”

Processing trade 加工贸易

六、坚定不移发展社会主义民主政治

Make vigorous yet steady efforts to 积极稳妥推进

Political restructuring 政治体制改革

The position of the people as the masters of 人民当家作主的地位

the country

System of self-governance at the primary level of society

Arouse the initiative of the people 调动人民积极性

Socialist country under the rule of law 社会主义法治国家

Socialist political civilization 社会主义政治文明

坚持党总揽大局、协调各方的领导核心作用 Uphold the Party’s role as the core of the 基层群众自治制度

科学执政、民主执政、依法执政

各个层次、各个领域

最广泛地

合法权益

制度化、规范化、程序化

丰富形式

民主选举

知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权

履行职能

优化组成人员知识结构和年龄结构

团结和民主

民主监督

参政议政

公开听取意见

公益事业

基础性工程

管理有序、服务完善、文明祥和

职工代表大会

企事业单位

社会主义法治国家

科学立法、民主立法

法律面前一律平等

统

一、尊严、权威

司法体制

审判机关、检察机关

政法队伍

保证严格、公正、文明执法

法制宣传

学法守法用法 leadership in directing the overall situation and coordinating the efforts of all quarters Scientific, democratic and law-based governance

At each level and in every field As extensively as possible Legitimate rights and interests Define institutions, standards and procedures Diversity its forms Democratic election Rights to be informed, to participate, be heard, and to oversee

Perform their functions Improve their membership composition in terms of intellectual background and age Unity and democracy Democratic oversight Participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs Public hearings Public service programs Groundwork Well-managed, supported by complete services, and filled with civility and harmony Workers’ conferences Enterprises and public institutions Socialist country under the rule of law Scientific and democratic legislation All citizens are equal before the law Consistency, sanctity and authority Judiciary system Courts and procuratorates Judicial, procuratorial and public security personnel

Ensure that law enforcement is strict, impartial and civilized

Increase public awareness of law Study, abide by and apply laws Patriotic united front 爱国统一战线

Enhance unity and pool strengths 增进团结、凝聚力量

长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 Long-term coexistence, mutual oversight,

sincerity and sharing of both good and bad times

Personages without party affiliation 无党派人士

Non-CPC persons 党外干部

Overseas Chinese nationals 海外侨胞

Returned overseas Chinese and relatives 归侨侨眷

Administration system 行政管理体制

Service-oriented government 服务型政府

E-government 电子政务

Administrative law-enforcement agencies 行政执法部门

Local departments directly under central 垂直管理部门

government organs

Overlapping organization and functions and 机构重叠、职责交叉、政出多门

conflicting policies from different departments Improve the mechanism of restraint and 完善制约和监督机制

oversight

Decision-making, enforcing and oversight 决策权、执行权、监督权

powers Resignation 引咎辞职

Recall 罢免

The oversight role of public opinion 舆论监督

七、推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣

Cohesion 凝聚力

Advanced socialist culture 社会主义先进文化

Inspire the enthusiasm of the people for 使人民精神风貌更加昂扬向上

progress

Inspire the people 鼓舞斗志

Socialist maxims of honors and disgraces 社会主义荣辱观

Guide social ethos 引领风尚

Make every effort to carry out 大力推进

Distinct characters of practice, of the Chinese 鲜明的实践特色、民族特色、时代特色

nation and of the times

Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory 马克思主义理论研究和建设工程

Provide in-depth answers to 深入回答

Cultural and ethical progress 精神文明建设

Guide the trends of thought 引领社会思潮

Respect divergence and allow diversity 尊重差异、包容多样

Academic disciplines, academic viewpoints 科学体系、学术观点 思想库

优秀成果、优秀人才

和谐文化

文明风尚

新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术事业

弘扬社会正气

进城务工人员

网络环境

诚信意识

社会公德

职业道德

家庭美德

个人品德

法定义务

思想政治工作

人文关怀和心理疏导

处理人际关系

动员社会各方面

深入开展

精神文明创建活动

社会志愿服务体系

男女平等、尊老爱幼、互爱互助、见义勇为共有精神家园

不竭动力

全面认识

取其精华、去其糟粕

文物和非物质文化遗产

传播手段

百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针

贴近实际

人民主体地位

群众喜闻乐见

公益性文化事业

出精品、出人才、出效益

大力发展

A think tank

Outstanding achievements and distinguished scholars

A culture of harmony Civilized practices Press, publishing, radio, film, television, literature and act

Foster healthy social trends Rural migrant workers in cities Cyber environment Awareness of integrity Social ethics Professional codes of conduct Family virtues Individual morality Legal obligations Ideological and political work Compassionate care and psychological counseling

Handle interpersonal relations Mobilize all sectors of society Carry out intensive activities to Promote cultural and ethical progress System of voluntary public services Gender equality, respecting the elderly and

caring for the young, showing concern for and helping each other and coming to the rescue of others even at the risk of oneself Common spiritual home for Unfailing driving force Have a comprehensive understanding of Keep its essence and discard its dross Cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage Means of dissemination The principle of let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend

Maintain close contact with reality People’s principal position in the country Popular Nonprofit cultural programs Produce fine works, outstanding personnel and good results Vigorously develop 区域性特色文化产业群

高新技术 文化业态

传输快捷、覆盖广泛

八、加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设

Clusters of cultural industries with regional features

New and high technology

Forms of operation in the cultural industry Fast communication and wide coverage 人民幸福安康

息息相关

努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有居所

基石

教育公平

育人为本、德育为先

高中阶段教育

学前教育

减轻学习负担

规范教育收费

资助制度

远程教育

继续教育

终身学习

扩大就业

以创业带动就业

民生之本

积极的就业政策

市场就业机制

就业结构

农村富余劳动力

就业援助

零就业家庭

高校毕业生

收入分配制度

初次分配

再次分配

劳动报酬

低收入者

财产性收入

People’s well-being Is closely related to Do our best to ensure that all people enjoy

their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing Cornerstone Equal access to education Educating students with top priority given to cultivating their moral integrity Senior secondary education Pre-school education Ease the study load Regulate the collection of education-related fees

System of financial aid to students Distance learning Continuing education Lifelong learning Promote job creation Encourage entrepreneurship to create more employment opportunities Vital to people’s livelihood Proactive employment policy Market mechanism for employment Employment structure Surplus labor transferred from rural areas Employment assistance Zero-employment families College graduates Income distribution system Primary distribution Redistribution Remuneration Low-income group Property income 工资正常增长机制 支付保障机制 保护合法收入 调节过高收入 取缔非法收入 扩大转移支付 强化税收调节

打破经营垄断 收入分配差距扩大 社会保障体系

社会保险、社会救助、社会福利 党政机关 事业单位 合作医疗制度

完善失业、工伤、生育保险制度

社会保障基金 实现保值增值 优抚安置

人道主义精神 防灾减灾 廉租住房

基本医疗卫生制度

政事分开、管办分开、医药分开、营利性和非营利性分开

鼓励社会参与

公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系、药品供应保障体系 重大疾病防控

提高突发公共卫生事件应急处置能力 农村三级卫生服务网络 民族医药 医德医风 基本国策

A mechanism for regular pay increase A mechanism for guaranteeing payment Protect lawful income

Regulate excessively high incomes Ban illegal gains

Increase transfer payments

Intensify the regulation of incomes through taxation

Break business monopolies Growing income disparity Social security system

Social insurance, assistance and welfare Party and government organs Public institutions

Cooperative medical care system

Improve the system of unemployment, workers’ compensation and maternity insurances

Social security funds

Maintain and increase their value

Provide special assistance to families of martyrs and servicemen and help demobilized military personnel return to civilian life Humanitarian spirit

Disaster prevention and reduction Low-rent housing system

A basic medical and health care system

Separate government administration from medical institutions, management from operation, medical care from pharmaceuticals, and for-profit from nonprofit operations

Encourage participation of nongovernmental sectors

Systems of public health services, medical services, medical security, medical supply Prevent and control the outbreak of major diseases

Enhance our capacity to respond to public health emergencies

Three-tier rural health care network Folk medicines of ethnic minorities

Professional ethics and style of work of health workers

Basic state policy 开展爱国卫生运动 发展妇幼卫生事业 党委领导 社会协同 社会管理格局 最大限度 人民内部矛盾 信访制度 维护群众权益机制

流动人口

重特大安全事故

突发事件应急管理机制 社会治安防控体系 社区警务

打击违法犯罪活动 调动一切积极因素

社会和谐人人有责、和谐社会人人共享 生动局面

Launch patriotic sanitation campaigns

Develop health care programs for women and children

Party committee leadership Nongovernmental support

Structure of social management To the greatest extent

Contradictions among the people

System for handling complaints in the form of letters and visits from the public

Mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the people Floating population

Serious and exceptionally serious accidents Mechanism of emergency management Crime prevention and control system Community policing Crack down on crime

Mobilize all positive factors to

Everyone is duty-bound to work for and benefits from social harmony A lively situation in which

占有重要地位 毛泽东军事思想 做好军事斗争准备 安全威胁 多样化的 领土完整 维护世界和平 党对军队绝对领导 思想信念 战斗精神 听党指挥 英勇善战 信息化军队 打赢信息化战争 机械化

九、开创国防和军队现代化建设新局面

Occupy an important place in the overall arrangement of

Mao Zedong’s military thinking Ensure military preparedness Security threats Diverse

Territorial integrity Maintain world peace

The Party exercising absolute leadership over the armed forces Ideals and beliefs Combat-ready spirit

Following the Party’s orders Fight valiantly and skillfully Computerized armed forces Win IT-based warfare Mechanization 信息化

高素质新型军事人才 从严治军 体制编制

军民结合、寓军于民 军民融合 建军治军 动员体系

预备役部队和民兵 人民武装警察部队 拥军优属、拥政爱民

积极开展军民共建，巩固军政军民团结

Computerization

A new type of high-caliber military personnel Enforce strict discipline on the armed forces Structure, staffing

Integrate military with civilian purpose and combine military efforts with civilian support Military and civilian integration

Building and running the armed forces Mobilization system

The reserves and the militia The People’s Armed Police

Support the military and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs; the military supports the government and cherishes the people

Energetically encourage the military and the people to work together to promote cultural and ethical progress, and consolidate the solidarity between the military and the government and between the military and the people

十、推进“一国两制”实践和祖国和平统一大业

Full of vigor 具有强大生命力

Run the country 治国理政

Hong Kong people administer Hong Kong and 港人治港、澳人治澳

Macao people administer Macao

Love for the motherland and devotion to their 爱国爱港、爱国爱澳

respective regions

Draw on each other’s strengths and develop 优势互补、共同发展

side by side

External exchanges 对外交往

External forces 外部势力

All sons and daughters of the Chinese nation 全体中华儿女

发展两岸关系、推进和平统一进程的八项主The eight-point proposal for developing the

relations between the two sides of the Taiwan 张

Straits and advancing the process of peaceful national reunification 坚持一个中国原则绝不动摇、争取和平统一We will never waver in our commitment to the 的努力绝不放弃、贯彻寄希望于台湾人民的one-China principle, never abandon our 方针绝不改变、反对“台独”分裂活动绝不妥efforts to achieve peaceful reunification, never

change the policy of placing our hopes on the 协 同属一个中国 理应 郑重呼吁 敌对状态 构建框架 三通

“台独”分裂势力

以最大诚意、尽最大努力 以任何名义任何方式

people in Taiwan and never compromise in our opposition to the secessionist activities aimed at “Taiwan independence”. Belong to one and the same China Have every reason to Make a solemn appeal State of hostility

Construct a frame for

Direct links of mail, transport and trade Forces for “Taiwan independence”

Make every effort with the utmost sincerity In any name or by any means

十一、始终不渝走和平发展道路

Hegemonism 霸权主义

Power politics 强权政治

Local conflicts 局部冲突

Hotspot issues 热点问题

The North-South gap is widening 南北差距拉大

Universally recognized norms of international 公认的国际关系准则

relations Peace-loving 热爱和平的

Stand for fairness and justice 秉持公道，伸张正义

Arms race 军备竞赛

Legitimate concerns of 正当关切

Increase market access 扩大市场准入

Advance the liberalization and facilitation of 贸易和投资自由化便利化

trade and investment

Seek benefits for itself at the expense of other 损人利己、以邻为壑

countries or shift its troubles onto others Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 和平共处五项原则

Good-neighborly relations 睦邻友好

贯彻以邻为善、以邻为伴的周边外交方针 Follow the foreign policy of friendship and

partnership

Within our capacity 力所能及

十二、以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程

Party exercise self-discipline and is strict with its 党要管党、从严治党

members Incorruptible 清廉 反腐倡廉

立党为公、执政为民 艰苦奋斗、清正廉洁 学习型政党 客观世界 主观世界 领导水平 执政能力 思想作风 票决制 选举制度

候选人提名制度 政令畅通

公开选拔、竞争上岗、差额选举 任期、回避、交流制度

干部双重管理体制

德才兼备、注重实绩、群众公认

优秀年轻干部 生产一线 党政领导机关 党校 行政学院 干部学院

人才辈出、人尽其才 生命所系、力量所在 党章

建立党员党性定期分析制度

流动党员 动态管理

历史唯物主义观点 群众路线

权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋学风和文风

讲党性、重品行、做表率

Fight corruption and uphold integrity

Party that is built for public interests and exercises governance for the people Hardworking and clean

A party committed to learning Objective world Subjective world Art of leadership Governance capacity The way of thinking System of voting Electoral system

System for nominating candidates

Ensure its resolutions and decisions are carried out effectively

Open selection, competition for position and multi-candidate election

Tenure system, recusal system, system for transferring leading cadres between different posts

System of dual administration of cadres

Political integrity, professional competence and outstanding performance and enjoy popular support

Outstanding young cadres Frontline of production

Party and government leading organs Party school

School of administration Cadre academy

Capable people come forth in great numbers and put their talents to best use

The source of life and strength for Party Constitution

Introduce the practice of regularly reviewing Party members’ compliance with the Party spirit Party members among the floating population Dynamic management

Viewpoint of historical materialism The mass line

Exercising power for the people, showing concern for them and working for their interests Styles of study and writing

Uphold the Party spirit, be impeccable in moral

积极进行批评和自我批评 党纪国法

继承优良传统，弘扬新风正气 关系人心向背和党的生死存亡 标本兼治 治本 惩防并举 拒腐防变 巡视制度 不正之风

坚决查处违纪违法案件

腐败分子 抚今追昔 展望未来 清醒意识到 基本实现现代化 居安思危 忧患意识 戒骄戒躁 顾全大局

standard and play an exemplary role in society Vigorously practice criticism and self-criticism Party discipline and state laws

Carry forward the Party’s fine traditions and promote new healthy trends

Bear on the popular support for the Party and on its very survival

Address both its symptoms and root cause Remove its root cause

Combine punishment with prevention Resist corruption and decadence System of inspection tours Unhealthy practices

All cases involving violation of law and discipline are thoroughly investigated and dealt with

Corruptionist Review the past Look ahead

Be keenly aware that

Realize modernization by and large

Stay prepared for adversities in time of peace Be mindful of potential dangers

日常用语中英文对照范文第3篇

------北大方正的董事长刘小琨在国际论坛上对于印刷技术的发展的发言

在我们外国友人介绍了他们的数字印刷技术和创新后，我想借这次机会去介绍北大方正对于印刷业的想法。

北大方正是一个基于它拥有自己的伟大的独立的技术，服务与全球媒体行业的技术公司。我们提供一个先进的商业模式和一个广阔的市场营销观点。我们提供报纸和出版行业的一个从最初的内容到最终的内容出版的完整的应用程序解决方案。我们提供商业印刷公司印刷过程的一个完整的解决方案和印前，印刷，印后的管理，并提供政府机关完整和可靠的系统制作和发送官方文件。

数字印刷和北大方正的造诣

作为数字印刷，我相信它包含三个方面，第一方面是数字化的生产流程，第二个方面是印刷过程，第三个方面是管理。

首先，我想去解释生产流程的数字化。生产流程的数字化包括排版，imposition，打样，制版，印刷，印前JDF指令和工作流程。随着技术的发展，数字化生产流程已经包含越来越多的项目。印刷技术已经改变了激光图像雕刻到CTP和数字印刷，从印前的数字化到印前，印刷和印后的集成。数字化生产流程是数字印刷的基础。它是效率、质量和成本的一个重要保证。

生产流程的数字化将必然导致印刷内容的数字化。数字化文件基于更方便长距离传输的文件格式。这需要我们去创建一个可存储、查询和转载的印刷文件数据库，提供印刷购买者较好的印刷服务。电子通讯、图书和杂志已经成为印刷媒体多次输入及输出技术的一个重要的完整的模型技术。

最后，管理数字化已成为印刷数字化的一个重要的部分。管理数字化包括设置印刷服务网络，它指的是自动提供更快的服务报价，跟踪工作等等。管理数字化还包括加强员工和财产资源的管理，项目管理的准确的项目计算，客户关系管理系统的市场和销售数据库的实现，以及编辑、印刷、分工的集成管理。管理数字化已经越来越紧跟生产流程的数字化的脚步。

印刷数字化的这三个方面是我的观点。那么方正在这三个方面已经做了或者实现了什么呢? 方正在生产流程的数字化的实现是包含一下产品在内的，包括方正FIT页面布局软件，Wenhe 拼版软件，EagleProof ，EagleDot 数码打样，语言文体库，RIP，打印控制器，ElecRoc 工作流程和CTP，EasiPrint 数码印刷系统和SuperLine 防伪系统。同时在印刷内容数字化中，方正有多媒体内容系统和数字化资产管理印刷系统。我们在数字化管理上也有RIP和分配系统。对于数字化印刷，方正已经做了很多贡献。

我们现在看看全球印前数字化的进程。CTF已经进入了它的发展的最后阶段。CTF已经在其发展的顶峰。数字化彩色印刷正在迅速发展。

数码印刷的全球趋势

数字化印前软件的全球进程是怎样呢?我们可以看到，RIP应用程序已经达到了顶峰。印刷和可变数据印刷正迅速发展，同时完整综合的印刷工作流程在稳健地发展。中国的印刷趋势与全球印刷趋势有一点点差异。这些差异体现在发达地区和发展中地区。发展中地区需要很长时间和很大空间去达到发达地区的水平。

接下来让我们去看看CTP的趋势。我之前已经提到，CTF已经进入它的生命周期的最后阶段，但是它仍有一些新的发展，原因如下：成熟的CTF生产流程，集成系统的特性，高成本高效率的性能，高投资高回报的性能，广泛的市场基础和在中国不同地区，需求的不同。在中国接下来的三年里，CTF的就职人员数量每年将约100人。在接下来的几年里，CTF和CTP将并存在市场上。

对于CTP，在一些发达国家和发达地区，它已经十分受欢迎。由于CTP的全面数字化，CTP的生命历程将比CTF的生命历程长。在中国，CTP仍处于一个发展的阶段。随着CTP设备和制版的价格的降低，CTP应用程序将使生产最大化。从2006年起，在中国，CTP的安装已经达到750台，以后的每年增加200-300台。我们相信未来的几年里，CTP将以高成本高效率的性能成为印刷市场的主流。至于全球市场，我们可以看到，CTP的应用程序的发展在美国变得越来越慢，同时，在欧洲，CTP应用程序的发展也变得平缓，但是在中国和南美，CTP仍处于一个快速增长的阶段。

接下来我想分享一下数字化工作流程的所有应用趋势。CTP和工作流程组成CTP系统。CTP的安装不仅仅是对设备的购买，而是拥有工作流程软件，程序，制版和系统设备。基于JDF/JDF的工作流程能够连接印前到印刷到印后，它已经成为CTP系统的核心。我想在这儿提到的是：方正的ElecRoc 工作流程系统和CTP 应用技术是被特别设计的，符合中国(和亚洲)的印刷企业。对于工作流程来说，网点，色彩管理，字体语言库，捕捉和油墨控制是最重要的组成部分。正在应用的是胶印和数码印刷合成的集成工作流程。在印刷企业里，对于公司的管理，紧密结合ERP系统的数字化工作流程将变成基本的平台。

现在，让我们来看一下印刷进程的全球趋势。从2005年到2010年，胶印，数码印刷和附加服务的全球百分比将会增加。印刷进程中将逐渐从胶版印刷向数码印刷，然后再向附加服务转移。

传统胶印虽然仍处于正在增长的趋势，但是它在印刷市场所占的份额却正在下降，而数码印刷所占印刷市场的份额正以我们可见的状态迅速增长。这是印刷工艺的一个改变，尽管在未来很长一段时间里，胶印将仍然是印刷技术的主要力量。由于数码印刷的快速增长，它将提高它在印刷市场的份额。数码印刷有短版活件，可变数据印刷，高速印刷，远程印刷和印刷个性化这些特殊的优势。印刷现在不仅仅是一个工艺，它还让我们有广泛的为购买者提供附加服务的机会。

下面是我们对喷墨印刷发展的看法。从2005年到2010年，在商业印刷的领域里，直邮，传统印刷，包装印刷，标签和出版都将快速发展。直邮行业的增长率将达到24%，包装印刷将达到60%，标签印刷将达到39.9%。我们可以得出结论，喷墨印刷即将突破中国市场。

喷墨印刷发展是随着数码印刷发展起来的，干墨粉成像是最受欢迎的成像技术。但是由于格式，速度和衬底的限制，干墨粉成像技术的发展面临限制。以上所有的限制和劣势都能够被克服来满足生产的需求。喷墨印刷技术近年来已经在迅速发展，并且将成为数码印刷的主流。在包装，标签和出版领域，喷墨印刷的行业增长率将显著增加。数码印刷将随着高性能印刷服务和工作流程的支持而发展。

印刷行业不仅仅是一个制造行业或者是一个服务行业，而更重要的是，也是继承我们民族文化的一个最初的行业。全球印刷行业是非常大的，收入多达六千亿美元。它对于中国，是一个挑战，更是一个机会。面对如此激烈的竞争，全球印刷购买者想要寻求拥有更好的成本效益性能的印刷服务的提供者。中国印刷行业将持续创新和发展。印刷质量的改善和印刷服务的成本优势将使得中国成为国际合作印刷服务的供应商。

数码印刷为印刷需求带来新的机会， 为客户提供个性化印刷和短版印刷。它为附加服务提供了极大的潜在的机会。传统印刷将与数码印刷共存，并且通过集成的工作流程一起工作。基于互联网的电子期刊将对纸质出版带来一些影响，但对于整个印刷行业，它几乎没有影响。

基于之前提到的数码印刷的不同方面，方正提供一个集成的从工作流程的数字化到内容创建再到管理的解决方案。这个集成的解决方案包含从手稿的最初材料到成品的最终出版的完整的工作流程的管理。它是一个基于数字化内容资源管理和资源管理工作流程的平台。在这个集成的解决方案里，方正也为每一个领域提供个性化的解决方案。

结语

日常用语中英文对照范文第4篇

盛世艺典国际会展(北京)有限公司

SSYD International Exhibition(BeiJing) Co.,Ltd. 北京盛世艺典文化传播有限公司

BeiJing SSYD Culture Communications Co.,Ltd.

日常用语中英文对照范文第5篇

CONSIGNEE--收货人...

货代常用英文

(一) 船代

Shipping agent 船舶代理

Handling Agent 操作代理

Booking Agent 订舱代理

Cargo Canvassing 揽货

FFF： Freight Forwarding Fee 货代佣金

Brokerage / Commission 佣金

(二)订舱

Booking 订舱

Booking Note 订舱单

Booking Number 订舱号

Dock Receipt 场站收据

M/F (Manifest ) ：a manifest that lists only cargo, without freight and charges 舱单Cable/Telex Release 电放

A Circular Letter 通告信/通知书

PIC： Person in Charge 具体负责操作人员

The said party 所涉及的一方

On Board B/L： On Board提单 A B/L in which a carrier acknowledges that goods have been placed on board a certain vessel。Used to satisfy the requirements of a L/CCancellation 退关箱

(三)港口

BP Base Port 基本港

Prompt release 即时放行

Transit time 航程时间 / 中转时间

Cargo availability at destination in 货物运抵目的地

Second Carrier (第)二程船

In transit 中转

Transportation hub 中转港

(四)拖车

Tractor 牵引车/拖头

Low-bed 低平板车

Trailer 拖车

Transporter 拖车

Trucking Company 车队(汽车运输公司)

Axle load 轴负荷

Tire-load 轮胎负荷

Toll Gate 收费口

(五)保税

Bonded Area 保税区

Bonded Goods ( Goods in Bond) 保税货物

Bonded Warehouse 保税库

Caged stored at bonded warehouse 进入海关监管

Fork Lift 叉车

Loading Platform 装卸平台

(六)船期

A Friday(Tuesday / Thursday)sailing 周五班

A fortnight sailing 双周班

A bi-weekly sailing 周双班

A monthly sailing 每月班

On-schedule arrival / departure 准班抵离

ETA ：Estimated(Expected) Time of Arrival 预计到达时间

ETB： Estimated(Expected)Time of Berthing 预计靠泊时间

ETD Estimated(Expected) Time of Departure 预计离泊时间

The sailing Schedule/Vessels are subject to change without prior notice。 船期/船舶如有变更将不作事先通知

Closing Date：截止申报时间

Cut-off time：截关日

(七)费用

Ocean Freight 海运费

Sea Freight 海运费

Freight Rate 海运价

Charge / Fee (收)费

Dead Freight 空舱费

Dead Space： Space in a car, truck, vessel, etc., that is not utilized 亏舱

Surcharge / Additional Charge 附加费

Toll 桥/境费

Charges that are below a just and reasonable level 低于正当合理的收费

Market Price Level 市场价水平

Special Rate 特价

Rock Bottom Price 最低底价

Best Obtainable Price 市场最好价

CC Freight to Collect 到付运费

Freight Payable At Destination 到付运费

Back Freight 退货运费

Fixed Price 固定价格

Comm. Commission 佣金

Rebate 回扣/折扣

Drayage charge： made for local hauling by dray or truck 拖运费

GRI ：General Rate Increase 运价上调

SGRI ：Second General Rate Increase 第二次运价上调

GRD ：General Rate Decrease 运价下调

TGRD ：Temporary General Rate Decrease 临时运价下调

PSS ：Peak Season Surcharge 旺季附加费

Wharfage： A charge assessed by a pier against freight handled over the pier 码头附加费THC ：Terminal Handling Charge 码头操作附加费

ORC ：Origin Receiving Charge 始发接单费

CUC ：Chassis Usage Charge 拖车运费

IAC ：Inter-modal Administrative Charge(U.S. Inland Surcharge) 内陆运输附加费DDC ：Destination Delivery Charge (目的地卸货费)

OAC： Origin Accessory Charge 始发港杂费

MAF： Manifest Amendment Fee 舱单改单费

(八)

For prompt shipment 立即出运

Cargo Supplier (供)货方

Upcoming Shipment 下一载货

Same Assignment 同一批货

Nomination Cargo 指定(指派)货

Indicated / Nominated Cargo 指装货

Shipments under B/L No。XXX XXX提单货

Cargo Volume 货量

Freight Volume 货量

Reefer Cargo 冷冻货

High-value Cargo (goods) 高价货

Miss Description 虚报货名

Agreement Rate 协议运价

D & H dangerous and hazardous 危险品

(九)单证

S/O Shipping Order 托(运)单

B/L Bill of Lading 提单

B/L Copy 提单副本

OBL Ocean Bill of Lading 海运提单

HBL House Bill of Lading 无船承运人提单

TBL Through Bill of Lading 全程提单

Advanced BL Advanced Bill of lading 预借提单

Anti-Dated BL Anti-dated Bill of Lading 倒签提单

Blank BL Blank Bill of Lading 空白提单

To Order’B/L 指示提单

Combined Bill 并单(提单)

Separate Bill 拆单(提单)

Straight B/L： A non-negotiable B/L。the Pomerene Act governs its operation in the US。 记名提单

On Board B/L ：A B/L in which a carrier acknowledges that goods have been placed on board a certain vessel。Used to satisfy the requirements of a L/C =On Board提单

Shipped B/L： A B/L issued only after the goods have actually been shipped on board the vessel，as distinguished from the received for Shipments B/L 已出运的货物提单 (On Board B/L; Shipped B/L 已装船提单 )

Received for Shipment B/L 备运提单

Transhipment B/L 转船提单

Through B/L 联运提单

Shipper(Consignee)Box 发(收)货人栏(格)

Arrival Notice 到货通知书：An advice that the carrier sends to the consignee advising of goods coming forward for delivery. Pertinent information such as BL No.,container No. and total charge due from consignee, etc, are included and sent to consignee prior to vessel arrival. This is done gratuitously by the carrier to ensure smooth delivery but there is no obligation by the carrier to do so. The responsibility to monitor the transit and present himself to take timely delivery still rests with the consignee.

M/F： Manifest document that lists in detail all the Bs/L issued by a vessel or its agent or master，ie，a detailed summary of the total cargo 舱单

Batch Filing 批量报备

Manifest Discrepancy 舱单数据不符

Acknowledgement of Manifest Receipt 收到舱单回执

Packing List 装箱单

Cargo Receipt 承运货物收据

D/R Dock Receipt 场站收据

D/O Delivery Order 交货单(小提单)

Shipper’s Export Declaration 货主出口申报单

Shipping Advice 装运通知(似舱单 NVOCC用)

Manifest information 舱单信息

FCN Freight Correction Notice 舱单更改单(通知)

Surrender O B/L copies for consignment 交回提单副本

Release Note receipt signed by customer acknowledging delivery of goods 货物收讫单

(九)Inspection-related Terms 检验相关术语

Customs Inspection 海关查验

Commodity Inspection 商品检验

Tally 理货

Tally Report 理货报告

Check 查验/检查/核对

Fumigation：熏蒸

Animal / Plant Inspection 动植物检验

INSP Inspection / Inspector 检验/检验员

Certificate of Origin ( normally issued or signed by a Chamber of

Commerce or Embassy ) (始发地)原产地证书

Arbitration 仲裁

ACH ：Automated Clearing House ( part of ACS ) 自动清关

AMS ：Automated Manifest System ( for anti-terrorism ) 自动舱单(反恐)申报系统CSS ：Cargo Selectivity System 货物抽验

CHB ：Customs House Broker 报关行

SED ：(EX-DEC) Shipper’s Export Declaration 货主出口报关单

BONDED WAREHOUSE 保税库

BONDED AREA 保税区

BONDED GOODS 保税货物

QUOTAs Quantity of one HTS item allowed to be imported at either higher or lower rate of duties. 进口配额

DDP： Delivery Duty Paid 完税

DDU： Delivery Duty Unpaid 未完税

DRAWBACK： Duties payment refunded because freight is re-exported or for similar circumstances 退税金额

Customs fine 海关罚款

Customs seals 海关关封

Application for inspection 检验申请

To expedite the clearance 加快清关

Pilferage 盗窃/偷窃

To be liable for a penalty of 受到。。。处罚

Non-fraudulent violation of the regulation 非故意违反规定

To file certifications with Customs 向海关申报有效证明

To follow the current procedure 遵循现行程序

To abide by 。。。rule 遵照。。。规定

To provide specific language 提供一定说法

To be not authorized 不予认可

(十)箱子

COC Carrier’s Own Container(CARRIER OWNED CTN) 船东自有箱

Container Cleaning 洗箱

VEN Ventilated 通风

FRZ Frozen 冰冻

HTD Heated 加热

I.D. Inside Dimension 箱内尺码

Inside Measurement 箱内尺码

TW ( TARE WEIGHT ) The weight of an empty container 箱子皮重Container Leasing Co。 租箱公司

Equipment Exchange (Interchange) Receipt 设备交接单

Repositioning 集装箱回空

Container Leasing long-term / short-term lease 集装箱租赁 长期 / 短期Leasing Company 租箱公司

日常用语中英文对照范文第6篇

出口信贷 export credit

出口津贴 export subsidy

商品倾销 dumping

外汇倾销 exchange dumping

优惠关税 special preferences

保税仓库 bonded warehouse

贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade

贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade

进口配额制 import quotas

自由贸易区 free trade zone

对外贸易值 value of foreign trade

国际贸易值 value of international trade

普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP

最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT

价格条件

价格术语trade term (price term)

运费freight

单价 price

码头费wharfage

总值 total value

卸货费landing charges

金额 amount

关税customs duty

净价 net price

印花税stamp duty

含佣价price including commission

港口税portdues

回佣return commission

装运港portof shipment

折扣discount,allowance

卸货港port of discharge

批发价 wholesale price

目的港portof destination

零售价 retail price

进口许口证inportlicence

现货价格spot price

出口许口证exportlicence

期货价格forward price

现行价格(时价)current price/ prevailing price

国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice

离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board

成本加运费价(离岸加运费价) C&F-cost and freight

到岸价(成本加运费、保险费价)CIF-cost,insurance and freight

交货条件

交货delivery

轮船steamship(缩写S.S)

装运、装船shipment

租船charter (the chartered shep)

交货时间 time of delivery

定程租船voyage charter

装运期限time of shipment

定期租船time charter

托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor

收货人consignee

班轮regular shipping liner

驳船lighter

舱位shipping space

油轮tanker

报关clearance of goods

陆运收据cargo receipt

提货to take delivery of goods

空运提单airway bill

正本提单original BL

选择港(任意港)optional port

选港费optional charges

选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers account

一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment

一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.

一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment 在(时间)

分两批装船 shipment duringin two lots

在(时间)平均分两批装船 shipment duringin two equal lots

分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments

分三个月，每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments

立即装运 immediate shipments

即期装运 prompt shipments

收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C

允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable

交易磋商、合同签订

订单 indent

订货;订购 book; booking

电复 cable reply

实盘 firm offer

递盘 bid; bidding

递实盘 bid firm

还盘 counter offer

发盘(发价) offer

发实盘 offer firm

询盘(询价) inquiry;enquiry

交易磋商、合同签订

指示性价格 price indication

速复 reply immediately

参考价 reference price

习惯做法 usual practice

交易磋商 business negotiation

不受约束 without engagement

业务洽谈 business discussion

限**复 subject to reply **

限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here **

有效期限 time of validity

有效至**: valid till **

购货合同 purchase contract

销售合同 sales contract

购货确认书 purchase confirmation

销售确认书 sales confirmation

一般交易条件 general terms and conditions

以未售出为准 subject to prior sale

需经卖方确认 subject to sellers confirmation

需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation

贸易方式

INT (拍卖auction)

寄售consignment

招标invitation of tender

投标submission of tender

一般代理人agent

总代理人general agent

代理协议agency agreement

累计佣金accumulative commission

补偿贸易compensation trade

(或抵偿贸易)compensating/compensatory trade

(又叫：往返贸易) counter trade

来料加工processing on giving materials

来料装配assembling on provided parts

独家经营/专营权exclusive right

独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement

独家代理 sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;

品质条件

品质 quality

原样 original sample

规格 specifications

复样 duplicate sample

说明 description

对等样品 countersample

标准 standard type

参考样品 reference sample

商品目录 catalogue

封样 sealed sample

宣传小册 pamphlet

公差 tolerance

exclusive agent

货号 article No.

花色(搭配) assortment

样品 sample 5%

增减 5% plus or minus

代表性样品 representative sample

大路货(良好平均品质)fair average quality

商检仲裁

索赔 claim

争议disputes

罚金条款 penalty

仲裁arbitration

不可抗力 force Majeure

仲裁庭arbitral tribunal

产地证明书certificate of origin

品质检验证书 inspection certificate of quanlity

重量检验证书 inspection certificate of weight (quantity)

**商品检验局 **commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)

品质、重量检验证书 inspection certificate

数量条件

个数 number

净重 net weight

容积 capacity

毛作净 gross for net

体积 volume

皮重 tare

毛重 gross weight

溢短装条款 more or less clause

外 汇

外汇 foreign exchange

法定贬值 devaluation

外币 foreign currency

法定升值 revaluation

汇率 rate of exchange

浮动汇率floating rate

国际收支 balance of payments

硬通货 hard currency

直接标价 direct quotation

软通货 soft currency

间接标价 indirect quotation

金平价 gold standard

买入汇率 buying rate

通货膨胀 inflation

卖出汇率 selling rate

固定汇率 fixed rate

金本位制度 gold standard

黄金输送点 gold points 铸币平价 mint par

纸币制度 paper money system

国际货币基金 international monetary fund

黄金外汇储备 gold and foreign exchange reserve