考研英语作文格式范文第1篇
[参照英语专业2014届毕业论文相关材料中的示例及模板]
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(二〇一三年六月)
一、 格式 论文依次包括封面、目录、英文摘要(Abstract)与关键词(Key words)、中文
摘要与关键词、引言(Introduction)、正文 (Body)、结语(Conclusion)和文献目录(Works
二、封面 具体样式参照论文样本页A,封面格式可到行知学院网站下载。
三、标题 居中。如果有副标题,用冒号把英文主、副标题隔开,例如:
The Human Nature Motif in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies
Invisible Colour versus Visible Wall: Hanif Kureishi’s “Strangers When We Meet”
中文副标题须在主标题后另起一行,前面加破折号, 例如:
论威廉•戈尔丁《蝇王》中的人性母题
看不见的颜色与看得见的墙
评哈尼夫•库雷西的“相逢不相识”
四、英文摘要与关键词Abstract左顶格,字体为Times New Roman 小四号,黑正体,与摘要内容部分以冒号隔开。摘要内容部分长度为150词以内,字体为Times New Roman 小四号正体,从第二行开始到结束均为左顶格。关键词部分另起一行,以Key words为标题,关键词标题左顶格,字体为Times New Roman 小四号,黑正体,与所列关键词以冒号隔开,关键词以3至5个为宜,字体为Times New Roman 小四号正体,除少数专有名词外一律小写,关键词之间以分号隔开。
五、中文摘要与关键词摘要左顶格,字体为宋体小四号,黑正体,与摘要内容部分以冒
号隔开。摘要字体为宋体小四号正体,从第二行开始到结束均为左顶格。关键词部分另起一行,以关键词为标题,关键词标题左顶格,字体为宋体小四号,黑正体,与所列关键词以冒号隔开,关键词字体为宋体小四号正体,关键词之间以分号隔开。
六、小标题 正文部分章节标题或小标题单独占一行,一级小标题(以罗马数字为序)字体
为Times New Roman 小四号黑正体,其余小标题为Times New Roman 小四号正体,所有小标题均左对齐。正文部分的所有章节标题及其序号必须与提纲中的章节标题及其序号相一致。
七、正文中的例句 例句在两例以上时,拟按顺序用(1)(2)(3)等对所有的例句统一编号。
每例另起一行, 空5个英文字母,回行时与上文例句对齐。
八、正文中的注释 分脚注和夹注。脚注仅用于必须作出特别说明或解释之处(如一些有争
议的术语)。
1.脚注
正文内容如有需作出特别说明或解释之处以脚注的形式处理,编号格式设置为1,○2,○3”“○,编号方式设置为“每页重新编号”,脚注会自动出现在当页正文下。字体采用默认值(小五号)。
2.夹注 特别提示: 正文中的夹注和参考文献是论文格式最为重要的部分,请论文作者逐条仔细阅读。建议先做好参考文献格式,再对照格式要求做夹注。
对论文中的直接引用或间接引用部分所依据的文献以夹注的形式标出。夹注可以采用以下几种形式:
作者姓氏未在引文中出现,则夹注用括号标出作者姓氏,空一格字母再标出引文页码。为避免不必要的麻烦,中文作者用全名(即:汉语拼音全拼)。
引用一位作者
“Time is no longer felt as an objective, causal progression with clearly marked-out differences between periods” (Frank 20).
As the British novelist-critic Christine Brooke-Rose has put it, the novelists now have nothing new to tell since what should be told have been told altogether (Yin Qiping 33-35).
引用两位作者
Medieval Europe was a place both of “raids, pillages, slavery, and extortion” and of “traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if not cities, and active markets in gain” (Townsend and Waugh 10-16).
作者有三个以上,则在第一位作者的姓氏后写上et al.以示其余姓氏的省略,或列上全部姓氏,夹注中的形式应与参考文献中的形式保持一致
Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff et al. 19-35).
Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff, Goldberger, and Tarule 15-20).
文本中不指名列举持某一观点的作者
Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson 9;Waugh 34)
作者姓氏在引文中出现,则只需用括号标出引文页码
Graff defines his recent book, Professing Literature, as “a history of academic literary studies in the United States” (10).
如在引文中提及整个文献及作者姓氏(不必夹注,但参考文献中要注明相关出版信息)
Slade’s revision of Form and Style incorporates changes made in the 1995 edition of the MLA Handbook.
集体作者如果组织名称太长,第一次提及时可采用全称后加注缩略
The annual report revealed substantial progress in fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH).
以后直接用缩略形式做夹注
The report surveys the major problems in fundraising (AMNH 15).
引用多卷本中的一卷
Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger, vol. 4).
Schlesinger pointed out the profound changes the political party system in the United States underwent between 1945 and 1972 (4: 98-104).引用同一作者的两篇以上的文献, 可以分别以文献名全名(如果文献全名简短的话)或文献名的缩略形式(如果文献全名较长的话)注释。
文本中未出现引文作者姓氏,也未出现文献名的,夹注用括号标出作者姓氏,姓氏后加逗号,空一格字母标出带下划线的该作者的书名,书名后空一格字母标出引文页码
Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, The Anatomy of Criticism 237).
文本中出现作者姓氏的,夹注用括号标出斜体的该作者的书名,空一格字母再标出引文页码
Shaughnessy points out that “the beginning writer does not know how writers behave” (Errors 79).
Teachers applauded Shaughnessy’s assertion that “teaching them [beginning writers] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (“Diving In” 68).
文本中既出现作者姓氏又出现该作者的书名或文章名,则只需标出引文页码
In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth-century England as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-248).
4)一个夹注中涉及一篇以上文献
(Lauter 34; Crane 98)
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2)
6)引文来自于中文作者(对“孔子”等已有英文译名的必须使用标准译名,如Confucius 33; Mencius 22-25)
(Hu Zhuanglin 33)
(Zhu Xianzhi and Lin Chongde 89)
(Xu Guozhang et al. 33-35)
(Confucius 33)
如果引文较长,超过4行,拟另起一行,不加引号,左边缩进10个英文字母, 夹注紧随引文末尾
At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now
for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed
to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the
burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little
boys began to shake and sob too. (186)
引文为两段或两段以上,或引文来自诗歌,或引文来自剧本,或引文附带译文,详细说明分别参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》82页;83-84页;85页;93页。注意引文来自诗歌等韵文时,可以篇次和行次代替夹注中的页码;引文来自剧本等文献时,以幕次、场次和行次代替页码。
九、参考文献
说明:
(1) 建议论文作者多使用英文原版图书和学术期刊文献。浙江师范大学图书馆外文数据库中的EBSCO提供了十分丰富的英文期刊资源,建议论文作者积极使用。
(2)英文图书、期刊、报纸名称一律使用斜体,如果图书中包含作品名,作品名使用正体。例如:
Parkes, Adam. Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day. New York & London: Continuum,
2001.
(3)中文图书等采用汉英对照形式,以便正文中统一按照英文模式做夹注, 例如: 王守仁、方杰,《英国文学简史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006年。
[Wang Shouren and Fang Jie. A Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai
Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.]
(4)除了版本研究(如翻译版本对照研究)之外,不宜将同一本书的英文版本和中文版本同时列为参考文献。英语文学论文作者必须使用所研究作品的英文版本。
(5) 非单行本短篇小说一般应参照文章格式处理,例如:
Joyce, James. “Araby.” Dubliners. London: Penguin, 1967.参考文献部分以Times New Roman小四号黑正体居中标明“Works Cited”列在正文后,另页书写。不得列入正文中没有引述过的文献,与此同时正文中的所有直接引述和间接引述必须有相应的夹注与参考文献条目。外文文献排列在前,以姓氏的首字母为序排列。中文文献列在英语文献之后,采用汉英对照模式(见示例),按照英语方式排列。每条文献顶格写,回行时英文空4个字符,中文空两格。
参考文献书写形式如下:(期刊名、书名、论文标题、出版社名称中实词的第一个字母必须大写)
1. 图书文献
个人专著
Loveday, Simon. The Romances of John Fowles. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1985. 黄梅,《推敲“自我”:小说在18世纪的英国》,北京:三联书店,2003年。
[Huang Mei. Contemplating the Self: British Fiction in the Eighteenth Century England.
Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 2003.]
两人合著
Roberts, Clayton and David Roberts. A History of England. Vol.2. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall, Inc., 1980.
王守仁、方杰,《英国文学简史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006年。
[Wang Shouren and Fang Jie. A Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai
Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.]
多人合著
Clinchy, Robert M, et al. English and American Literature: Sources and Strategies for
Collection Development. Chicago: ALA, 1987.
殷企平 等,《英国小说批评史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001年。
[Yin Qiping et al. A History of Criticism of English Fiction. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press, 2001.]
集体作者
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第126-127页
National Research Council. China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration.
Washington: Washington Square Press, 1992.
再版书(Republished books)
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第141页:
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: MLA,
1999. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
修订版本的书
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第136-137页
Budden, Julan. The Operas of Verdi. Rev. ed. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
工具书
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第130-131页:如果该工具书使用较广,版本多次更新,列出版次和出版年份
“Ginburg, Ruth Bader.” Who’s Who in America. 52nd ed. 1998.
Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.
15th ed. 1987.
如果该工具书知名度不广,出版信息要列全:
Allen, Anta L. “Privacy in Health Care.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. Rev.
ed. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan-Simon, 1995.
翻译本
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第135页。如果参考的是原著的内容,以原著作者姓名开头,如果参考目的在于评析译者的风格或用词,以译者姓名开头
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Giban. New
York: Norton, 1964.
Coulson, Jessie, trans. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky. Ed. George Giban.
New York: Norton, 1964.
多卷本
如果涉及多卷本中的一卷见下面示例;如果涉及多卷本中的一卷以上,参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第137页
Parker, Hershel. Melville: A Biographyol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1986.
编辑出版的书
Twain, Mark. Roughing It. Ed. Harriet E. Smith and Edgar M. Branch. Berkley: University of
California Press, 1993.
朱刚 编,《二十世纪西方文艺批评理论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001年。
[Zhu Gang, ed. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Education Press, 2001.]
论文集
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第129-130页
Franklin, Benjamin. “Emigration to America.” 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed.
Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24-26.会议论文集
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第145页
Freed, Barbara F., ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of
Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf., Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexinton: Health, 1991.
2. 期刊论文【国内期刊只标注第几期和年份】
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第149页,152-153页
Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Election, 1968-1988.” Journal
of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24.
陆建德,“为了灵魂的纯洁读辛格短篇小说有感”,《当代外国文学》2006年第2期,
第33-38页。
[Lu Jiande. “Reflections on I. B. Singer’s Short Stories.” Contemporary Foreign Literature 2
(2006): 33-38.]
张峰, “一曲女性物化的悲歌评约翰•福尔斯的小说《收藏家》”,《解放军外国语学
院学报》2003年第5期,第60-65页。
[Zhang Feng. “An Elegy for the Objectification: On John Fowles’s The Collector.” Journal of
PLA Foreign Language University 5 (2003): 60-65.]
3.报刊杂志文章
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第154-156页
Lohr, Steve. “Now Playing: Babes in Cyberspace.” New York Times. 3 April 1998, late ed.:
C1+.
Perlstein, Rick. “Abridged Too Far?” Lingua Franca. April-May 1997: 23-24.
4. 电影、VCD、DVD 等(尽量少用)
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第167-169页
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore,
and Thomas Mitch. 1946. DVD. Republic, 1998.
5. 硕、博士论文
Liu Shaolong. “A Case Study of Listening Models and Strategies: Effects of Background
Knowledge.” MA Thesis. Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Languages, 1991.
Wang Chuming. “Semantic Structure Theory and L2 Learning of English Adjectival
Participles.” Ph. D. Dissertation. Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
6. 网上资源(尽量少用)
参照《MLA科研论文写作规范》第178-202页
Barsky, Robert F. Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. Cambridge: MIT P, 1997. 8 May 1998
考研英语作文格式范文第2篇
(分两行,reading report单独一行,中间空一行)
(上端空三行,中间空四行) number:
term: name:
date: times new roman, 四号,居中,两端对齐,段前0.5) title (times new roman, 四号,居中,加粗) (title 与body之间空一行) body(1000字以上)
(正文每段缩进四个字符,小四,行距1.5,times new roman) 201120122英语阅读(4)期中作业
班级 英语1103班 姓名 田小星 学号 1101901307 成绩篇二:英文读书报告撰写格式
英文读书报告撰写格式
1.字体均为times new roman 报告题目为3号黑体居中
学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号
双倍行距
2.打印纸张规格:用a4纸单面打印。 3.报告第一页第一行应为:报告题目
第二行靠右应为:学生姓名、专业班级、学号
接下来是正文;参考文献在正文之后。 4. 报告字数为1000---1500字。
附:
英文读书报告写作知识 the book report 1. three main parts of a book report generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times ? a summary of the book a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life. it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book. to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book. 2. writing of the book report 1) the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand. above all, it should be objective. 3) the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work. 英语读书报告格式要求范文 there is no standard form for a book report. however, every book report should contain the following four parts: 1. identification. give the title and author’s name. if the book is one with which your readers may not be familiar, identify it further. give the name of the publisher, the place and year of publication, the price, and the number of pages. writing book reports can be a valuable exercise in clear thinking and precise writing. it also gives you the opportunity to improve your writing and to develop a style of your own. 注意:
题目统一为: a book report on 英文书名(斜体),标题居中,正文两端对齐; 内容的几个部分可以成若干个段落写,但不能出现1,2,3,4序号字样;
英文中没有书名号, 书名斜体;注意其他英文标点符号使用及字母大小写的规范; 字体为times new roman, 字号为小四号,行距为固定值20磅; 页码置于页面底端居中。
考研英语作文格式范文第3篇
英文中没有书名号, 每个词用大写就可以或再加上下划线表示,不用引号; 省略号为三点; 常见的表达法:简写本 simplified version/abbreviated version 故事大意如下 The gist of the story is as follows 主人公 leading role/leading character/hero/heroine 以为背景 It is set on the eve of/It is set on the background that
Sample 1
A Book Report of The Black Tulip
By Li Minli, Class 5, 2005 The Black Tulip is a novel written by Alexandre Dumas Pere, simplified by Micle Wester, and was published by Shanghai Translation Press in 1983. The story is set in the 17th century in Holland when fierce political conflicts prevailed while the society rioted. In this story, Cornelius Van Baerle being so crazy about tulips tries to grow a black tulip without any other color on it at all in order to gain quite a substantial sum of money offered to the winner. However, Boxtel, a man living in the next door, also has a crush on the money. He then supervises every movement of Cornelius secretly for fear that Cornelius may grow better tulips than his own. Besides this, he also carries out many surreptitious activities to destroy Cornelius’ tulips by all means. Once a while, he accuses Cornelius of harbouring letters that might be harmful to the government so that Cornelius is sent to the prison without giving provocation. This nearly causes him to death. Even here, Cornelius manages to grow tulips with the help of Rosa, the daughter of the prison-keeper. But unfortunately, their first black tulip is stolen by Boxtel. It’s Rosa who proves the truth and saves Coenelius by herself! It’s a happy ending in this novel as it says “Those who have suffered much, have a right to be happy.” This quotation brings the whole story to an end and will certainly motivate readers to go on. Rosa herself will remain as quite a good example, too. Besides, “justice could defeat evil however difficult it is and whatever the process would be” can be easily seen as the author’s deep philosophy towards life. By reading it, the reader can both enjoy the plots and be stimulated!
Sample 2
A Book Report of The Black Tulip
By Huang Xin, Talents Class, 2006 I have recently read the simplified version of The Black Tulip published by Shanghai Translation Press. This novel was written by the distinguished French writer Alexandre Dumas Pere, the pioneer of the Romanticism Literature Movement in France. He was so popular that his works had been translated into several languages and welcomed by readers all over the world. This novel took 17th century Dutch bourgeois revolutionary period of intense political struggle and the turbulent life as its background.
This gist of the story is as follows. The leading role Cornelius is a young doctor who completely doesn’t inquire about politics. He loves growing tulips and is trying to cultivate a black tulip without any other color on it at all. In order to obtain the considerable bonus offered by the government to the first man who cultivates the very kind of black tulip, Boxtel, Cornelius’ neighbor, tries to destroy and steal the bulbs of Cornelius, even kill him. Fortunately, Cornelius in the prison gets acquainted with the prison-keeper’s daughter Rosa and they fall in love. Under Rosa’s help, Cornelius realized his dream and achieves happiness at last.
It’s firmly believed by some people that when you become rich and successful, happiness will naturally follow. After reading this novel, I believe that nothing is further from the truth. To my mind, the secret to happiness lies in your successful work, in your contribution towards others’ happiness and in your wealth you have earned through your own honest efforts. Firstly, in order to obtain happiness, you should achieve your successful work, in order to achieve your successful work, you should go through thick and thin. As the writer said, “those who have suffered much, have a right to be happy.” Take the two leading characters for example. They eventually reach happiness after suffering a lot both psychologically and physiologically. Secondly, your happiness should live in your contribution towards others’ happiness, but not on the contrary, in destroying others’ happiness. If you get your happiness by taking advantage of others or by hurting others, you won’t be happy with it for long, at least, you won’t enjoy the real happiness. People will think you’re a mean person. Boxtel was a typical case. He would never gain happiness. Thirdly, wealth obtained through dishonest means doesn’t bring happiness. Happiness is not an end, it is a process. It’s a continuous process of honest and productive work which makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel you are a useful and worthy person.
Sample 3
A Book Report of Thirty-Nine Steps
By Ding Xiaobiao, Class 1, 2005 The book I read is an abbreviated version of John Buchan’s Thirty-Nine Steps, which was published in 2004 for a second time by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. John Buchan, a Scotish writer and politician, had written lots of adventurous novels during his lifetime. And the Thirty-Nine Steps, written in 1915, is one of his most popular novels. The adventurous story took place on the eve of the First World War. An Englishman called Richard Hannay accidentally got a piece of information that a group of German spies plan to murder the Greek Prime Minister and steal the English military secrets so as to stir up a world war. Leaving aside his own safety and danger, our witty leading role socialized with the sly German spies bravely. After going through all kinds of hardships, he finally conveyed the information to the Foreign Secretary. He shattered the German spies’ intrigue in the end. What was written in the little black notebook? Who was the mysterious Black Stone described in the notebook? Which thirty-nine steps were of great importance? Through reading the book, you will find out how our hero searched for the answers to those confusions. I am deeply touched by our hero’s determination to defense his motherland. Believe it or not, my heart jumped violently when the hero was in danger and felt released when everything went on smoothly. This book is written very well for its details are described lively. What’s more, it also teaches us a lesson that all of us could do our little bit to contribute to our motherland especially when she is in great trouble. So, enjoy it while reading! Sample 4 A Book Report of Tom Brown’s Schooldays
By You Meizhou, Class 1, Grade 2006 Tom Brown’s Schooldays is a simplified version which is written by Michael Wister. And the original work is by Thomas Hughes who was born in Berkshire in the south of England. He was not only a writer, but also a politician and reformer. Tom Brown’s Schooldays was published by Shanghai Translation Press in 1857. It was Thomas’ first work and also his most influential work. It is famous in England as well as in America. The simplified version has totally 128 pages and it is sold at RMB¥5.8. Tom Brown’s Schooldays was set on the eve of the Queen Victoria time. It showed how students felt through the vivid narration of Tom’s and some other students’ life in the Rugby school and the school environment.. Rugby was one of the most influential schools at that time. But the public schools were under bad government. In the school, there was a good deal of bullying, physically punishing students and also quarrels between teachers. The teacher-student relationship was intensive. People thought masters and boys were natural enemies. But after some significant reforms on the school teaching methods by the master Thomas Arnold, the school appeared a new look. It was under such surroundings that leading role Tom was educated and grew up. At first Tom feared the master, but when he knew how anxiously and carefully the master had watched over these students’ lives he looked upon him with love and respect and thought of him as a very wise and good man. As the book said, “Now Tom’s faith was complete, and if next term the Doctor had stopped all football ad cricket and fagging, Tom would have supported him with all his faith.”
So when Tom learnt the news of the Dr. Arnold’s death, he seemed to have lost the center point of his world. We can see how much Tom loved and respected him. And this reminds me of the book Harry Potter. Harry had the same feeling as Tom when he watched his old master killed by the enemies. Harry Potter is one of the books I love most. So when I saw some similarities with Harry Potter in this book, something drove me to read on. And in Tom’s school there were some activities also reminding me of the book Harry Potter. The book interests me in some things more, such as the boys’ catching birds, fishing. This shows me the beautiful life they lived and this is what I look forward to. Sample 5 A Book Report of Thirty-nine Steps
By Lin Chengyan, Class 3, Grade 2007 The book Thirty-nine Steps is written by John Buchan. This simplified version is adapted by Roland John. Its publisher is Beijing Foreign Language University. It tells an adventure story. The gist of the story is as follows. Before the World War I breaks out, a British Richard Hannay happens to get the secrecy that the German spies plan to kill the Greek Prime Minister on June 15th in order to cause the world war with this excuse from an American reporter Scudder. He runs the risk of handing the information to the Foreign Officer in time through thick and thin. And then he does the London police a favor to catch the members of the Black Stone. It’s such a well-done book that I like it very much. The story is so exciting that it catches my attention all the time. I’m holding my breath every moment Hannay faces with danger and is nearly caught by the enemies. The plots change so naturally and the words seem to be attractive. There’s growing a great respect to Hannay from the bottom of my heart. He has a strong personality. He could have lived a comfortable life in London without hardship. And he doesn’t know Scudder very well, but he likes him. He also enjoyed an adventure. His most important valuable personality is that he loves peace so much. In order to create a happy life for the people all over the world, he gave up his own happiness to run a risk of handing the information. I can also learn that he is an unselfish man. While reading this book, I realize that Hannay is a person of intelligence. To my surprise, he figures out what the letters mean in Scudder’s notebook. He learns that the 39 steps points out that the Black Stone lives in somewhere by the sea. He always manages to escape. It shows that Hannay also has great courage in disguising as the Fishman and some other persons. No matter how dangerous it was, he never gave up. However, history has its own regularity. Although Hannay tries his best to avoid the War from breaking out, it took place a few months later. Sample 6 A Book Report of Tom Brown’s Schooldays
By Chen Yixian, Class 4, Grade 2007 Tom Brown’s Schooldays is the first but the most influential work of Tomas Hughs. It became popular once it was published. Here, I’d like to present you its abridged version, which is adapted by Yao Tiancheng. It has a total of 133 pages and a rather low price of RMB¥5.8. The abridged version was first published in 1983 and then reprinted in 2000 by Shanghai Translation Press. Tom Brown’s Schooldays is really a nice book for us teenagers. It’s set in Rugby, the then famous public school. The story is based on the author’s own experience in his early study age. It portrays the growth of Tom Brown, the leading character, and his friends East and Arthur. At that time there was a bad atmosphere in Rugby that the big boys would make the pupils in lower forms do the fagging for them. Tom showed a sense of justice and courage to fight against the bullies. On the other hand, Tom was immature to regard it as a pleasure to do what he was told not to do. It was Arthur, a little boy, that made Tom change so much. Arthur was weak in body but strong in mind. His influence on Tom was gradual but great. Despite that East shared much in common with Tom. Arthur did become a friend, even a teacher to Tom. With the help of each other, the three finally became more of a man. In a word, Tom Brown’s schooldays is a book worth reading. When you page through the book, you may find you’re looking back upon your own childhood. So how are you still wasting your time now? Go and get one! Sample 7 A Book Report of Tom Brown’s Schooldays
By Shen Yue, Class 7, Grade 2007 Recently I read a book with the title Tom Brown’s Schooldays written by Tomas Hughs, who is a British writer, reformer and politician. His other works, such as Tom Brown at Oxford, A Life of Alfred the Great and Scouring of the White Horse, are all very famous. Of all these books, Tom Brown’s Schooldays is the maiden and most successful one. Since published in 1857, it has become popular with youngsters. Tom Brown’s Schooldays is a biography of Tom Brown. It was set in the context of the author’s schooldays in Rugby. By describing the study lives of Tom and his friends, the book acquaints us the then situations of Rugby school and thoughts of students there. Rugby school was the most influential public school at that time. However, it wasn’t in good order. As old Brooke, captain of the School House side when Tom was just a new boy, had said, “ there is a good deal of bullying.” What’s more, “masters and boys are natural enemies.” Teachers there never treated students well, except the Doctor, Tomas Arnold. He reformed principles of the school and thereby had an important influence on the practice of British education. He watched over boys’ lives anxiously and carefully. In turn, he won Tom’s honour and love. In such surroundings, Tom “opened his eyes to see the joy and beauty of life and had softened his heart to feel the fellowship of all living souls.”
The characterizations in this book are skillful. There are many subtleties worth attention. For instance, when Arnold died, Tom came back to Rugby. Through characterizing his reaction, complexion, action, psychology and words, this book presented Tom with real emotions at that news wonderfully. “ If only he could see the Doctor there for five minutes, and tell him what was in his heart, how much he loved and respected him.” Tom Brown’s Schooldays focused on Tom’s growth. The part related to the Doctor didn’t make up a larger percentage. Instead, the author paid much attention to the contradictions between schoolboys. Nevertheless, it didn’t weaken the theme. On the contrary, it made the theme more outstanding. That’s what we should learn from this book. I appreciate this book. I’d like to recommend it to learners at my level. It is not too difficult, so we can get the ideas easily and learn something about the author’s writing skills at the same time. It is really worth reading.
***纸张;格式;不是要求的书;语法(write, begin, read);态度; 字数
考研英语作文格式范文第4篇
求职信与求职简历都属于求职文书,是求职者在求职过程中所使用的文书种类。
求职信又叫求职申请,应聘信、自荐信、自荐书等,它是求职者自己推荐自己,向用人单位或评审人介绍自己的有关情况,表明求职意图,希望对方任用的一种书信体应用文书。
求职简历又称求职资历,个人履历等,是求职者将自己与所申请职位紧密相关的个人信息经过分析整理并请晰简要地表述出来的书面求职资料,在这里,求职者用真实、准确的事实向招聘者明示自己的经历、经验、技能、成果等内容。
一份基本的求职资料应当同时包括求职申请和求职简历,在寄交时应该求职申请在前,求职简历在的后,二者融为有机整体。
求职申请要采用书信体叙述,借助第一人称表述,求职简历宜采用板块列项式,一般不借助人称表述。
一.求职信(求职申请)的结构
(一)标题 一般在第一行正中写上“求职信”或“自荐信”“求职申请书”等,若到外企应聘,则还应用英语书写一遍。
(二)称呼
一般写上“尊敬的学校负责人”。对于公司负责人,一般用“尊敬的经理先生”等。
(三)正文
正文开头的问候语一般用“您好”,而不用“你好”。
正文的主体部分主要包括三点:
1、 表达自己对所申请职位的兴趣;或提供招聘信息的获知渠道;有的求职信一开始对自己作一番自我介绍,讲清楚自己的姓名、身份,然后表明求职的愿望。
2、 陈述自己胜任所申请职位的理由(自荐条件)。这是求职信中最关键的部分,要充分展示自己的长处,写清自己与所申请职位有关的经验、技能。如果是应届毕业生,可介绍自己优良的学习成绩,一定的实际经验或实习经历,外语与计算机的水平和能力,或当过什么学生干部,或发表过什么论文、文章,或得到过什么奖励,或有什么特长等。 这一部分的语言要尽量简洁,内容与可与求职简历略有重复。
3、 表达期待招聘者给予面试的机会,或希望得到某一职位的愿望,有的还要表达一下决心。 4、 落款,日期 二.求职简历的结构
规范的简历结构大致应该包括以下几个部分
1. 自然情况部分
包括姓名(曾用名)性别、出生年、月、日、民族、籍贯、家庭出身、本人成分、政治面貌、参加工作时间、现工作单位、职务等。
2. 学历学位部分 包括目前最高学历、毕业时间、获得学位、毕业学校、系别、主修专业、辅修专业、所学课程、会何种外语、外语程度、计算机水平 3. 家庭成员部分
包括婚否、家庭成员、主要社会关系,如是已婚,应把爱人的自然情况,做何工作,任何职务等写清楚 4. 政党社团部分
包括何时何地经何人介绍参加何种政党或组织、担任何种职务、何人证明;也包括参加过何种学会或协会等学术团体或组织,担任何种职务等主要经历部分包括在学校的学习经历(小学大学),也包括在社会上参加某项活动或工作经历,写清学习或工作的起止时间、单位名称、担任何职务、谁是证明人等,在校或单位获得过什么成就或奖励,受进什么处分等。 5. 专业成果部分
写明自己所从事的专业,获得相应的技术职称,没有参加工作的人,则写明自己的专长和爱好及其相关情况。
这一部分应针对用人单位的需要,大胆展示自己的特长等,发表过何种论文,获得过什么资格证书,计算机和英语水平如何等。 6. 相关附件部分
包括需要说明的相关证明、证书、论文、著作等,如在校的学习成绩单、学校推荐表或推荐信、学校的签定材料、工作单位或人事部门的介绍信或推荐信、毕业证书、学位证书、计算机等级证书、英语等级证书、各种荣誉证书、竞赛获奖证书、专业资格证书、驾驶执照等,还有在报刊、杂志上发表的文章或论文以及相关的获奖证明等,应当注意这些相关的证明和证书都必须盖有发证机关的印章。 7. 通讯联系部分
包括现住址、邮政编码、联系人姓名、联系电话、电子信箱等。
应当说明的是,有求职文书的别作因人而异,并没有很固定的格式,有的人喜欢将求职信和求职简历合在一起写,有的人求职信同时采用几种文字书写,而求职简历的设计也要根据自身的实际情况有选择地设计,并非以上部分面面俱到。 三.求职文书的写作要求
1.文面正确,不要有错误
不论是求职信还是求职简历,书写或打印出来后,要好好的检查,注意整体的排版效果,注意不要出现错字、错词、错句,注意标点符号的使用是否恰当,这些都能反映一个人的语言文字的基本功及办事态度,千万不能小瞧。
2.内容真实不要胡编乱造
简历是一个人的真实经历,内容必须翔实可靠,有些人为追求自己具有辉煌的经历,故意编造一些光环戴在头上,这种事情若被发现,你的机会也就失去了。
据说,有一个班的大学生到同一企业去应聘,个人材料中竞然有十多个人说自己是学生会主席,有的大学生本来没有什么工作经历,为了把自己包装成有经验者,随意编造了各种各样的工作经历,只要主考官随意问问,就会露出破绽,对于企业来说,其实更欢迎诚实的求职者。台湾的“半导体之父” 台积电董事长张忠谋曾说过,诚实是一个人最重要的特质,如果让他选择求职者,他一定选择有诚信的人,因为个性诚实、耿直且积极努力的人,工作绩效自然出色。著名的英特尔公司更是明确把“掺水”简历看成招聘中的大忌,凡是在简历上弄虚作假者,在英特尔的主考官面前均不能过关。 诚信永不过时,有一个外企应聘者在求职信中写到自己的兴趣爱好时,写了喜欢旅游和攀岩,其实此人很少外出,对攀岩更是一无所知,但为了以具有冒险精神及前卫形象吸引招聘者,故意加了这两条,后来在面试中,主考官谈到自己也是个攀岩爱好者,但对攀岩中的一些应急技巧却不甚了解想与该应聘者切磋,应聘者立即面红耳赤,手足无措,不得不承认自己说了谎,主试者非常生气,立即拒绝录用他,还有一些公司招聘时,会故意设下陷阱,考验应聘者是否诚实,比如,主考官会对那些简历上填上英语水平达到某某级者说,某次我在某某英语演讲比赛现场会上观看过你的精彩演讲,你的水平真高,没想到你今天来我们公司应聘,这真是我们公司的荣幸。很多应聘者听到这样的恭维话时,总是顺水推舟地自我“谦逊”一番,最后,自然把到手的机会也“谦逊”掉了。 3.行文简洁,不可罗嗦
求职信和简历都要求简洁明了,惜墨如金,有的人总怕挂一漏万,就一个问题翻来覆去地述说,形成文字的堆砌;有的人把简历写成了自传或传记;有的人不直接写自己何德何能何愿而是用大量的篇幅写对公司如何仰慕,如何关注该公司,并罗列自己学过的课程,强调自己涉猎广泛,兴趣多多,无所不通,这实在是费力不讨好,殊不知,用最简洁的文字表达出最丰富、最有效的信息,这本身就是应聘者水平的一种表现,求职信和求职简历最好都是一页。
4、针对职位,突出优势,扬长避短 现在的用人单位很多希望找到有工作经验的业内人士,这对刚刚走出校园的莘莘学子来说,当然是一大挑战,青年学生一般没有经验,但你可以强调自己的优质;理论功底深厚,后劲足,有潜力,你可详细说明与你求职职位有关的在校学习的专业及学科成绩,让用人单位觉得你勤奋、踏实、认真、理论知识扎实,是一个优秀的人才。 还有的简历漫无目的,用在哪儿都行,让人感觉他对公司一无所知,诚心不够,自然会被拒之门外,好的简历,针对性强,用人单位需要什么,你就提供什么,要量体裁衣,而不要漫天说好,要告诉用人单位,我能做好这件工作,而不是能做好所有的工作,要记住:“最合适的才是最好的”。
5、文面语气恰当,讲究礼貌 有的求职信上写着“给我一个支点,我将撬起地球”,“让我们风雨同舟”,“给我一个机会,我会还你一个惊喜”。这些华丽的语言过度的语气只会让人感觉求职者的华而不实。爱立信人力资源部副总裁牛艳娜说:“这样煽情的话,就像谈恋爱时,第一次见面就冲上来作肉麻的表白,结果只会适得其反。”
求职信的语言还要讲究礼貌,这实际上也是对阅读者的尊重,常言道:凉茶冷饭犹可咽,粗言俗语难入耳。著名心理学家马斯洛指出,尊重的需要是人类的基本需要。实践也说明,尊重对方是人与人之间交往、相处、共事的基本原则。
求职信语言的礼貌,一方面表现在开头的称呼及结尾处的问候外,还表现在信中使用礼貌性的词语如“尊敬的领导”,贵(公司、校)您、感谢等;使用委婉性的句子,如谈待遇时,可以说:“我对待遇总是迟迟无法定个确切的数目,但既然您一定要我说明,我认为月薪2000元就满意了”表达希望时,可以用“我希望惠予面谈”,“等候您的佳音”,“静候满意的答复“等句子。 求职信的语言要做到礼貌性还应注意以下几个方面:
(1) 在涉及到有人的称谓时,不使用蔑视性的称谓,如“听李老头说,您单位需要聘一个翻译”,“大胡子处长介绍我到你们单位来”
(2) 不要使用批评性、挑衅性的词语或句子,如果你对目前的工作单位或负责人说三道四,大发牢骚,就会让阅读者认为你是个爱说长道短、搬弄是非的人。
(3) 不要使用限定性的语言或句子如:“本人于某年某月要赴外地实习,敬请贵经理某月某日前复信为盼” 限定对方时间
“本人谨以最诚挚的心情,应聘于贵公司,盼望获得贵公司的尊重和考虑” “抓紧与我联系,我是您公司的最佳人选”“现已有多家公司意欲聘我,故请公司从速签复”
(4) 不要使用以上压下的句子或语言,如:“贵公司总经理某某先生要我直接写信给你”,“某长很关心我的求职问题,特让我写找你” 求职信的语言要有礼貌,要尊重对方,但切忌曲意迎合,恭维或表现得过分热情,态度要不卑不亢。
(5) 最后,还要注意,语言的谦虚,不要过分夸大自己的能力或表现过分自信,在写求职信时,尽量避免使用“一定、第
一、绝对、肯定、完全可以、保证”等词,不要使用“我能够适应各种工作”、“我听说贵公司近期效益不好,我相信我有能力改变这种状况”,“我搞过好几项科研课题,贵厂遇到的此类技术难题,我一定能够解决”,“我深信面谈可以证实我的话,您可以在每天下午二至四时(星期二例外)打电话通知我”````` 当然,谦虚并不是软弱,但过分谦虚则是故意贬低自己,让人觉得你这个人什么都不行,这也会白白断送机会,如:“读完此信后您倘认为敝人可补救,敝人愿和您一谈”,“我想我可能成为贵公司的一名好秘书”,等句子。就会让阅读者对你的能力提出怀疑。
下面是一则求职信的主体部分
我的学习成绩不太理想,所以我往往被人忽视,但是如果您因此忽视我的其他表现的话,我会深感遗憾。
我对文学和电影一见钟情,引为知己,文学和电影是我的影子,在评价人的时候,也许不能忽略人的延伸部分,因为这可能是区别的标志。我有较强的语言文字能力和科研能力,影评曾获进全国大赛三等奖,全校一等奖、二等奖。并主编《师大影谭》及《师大学生报》艺术版,曾在《浙江电影市场》、《金牧场》、《XX师大学报》,《XX日报》上多次发表文章,因此荣获“光大金融”科研个人奖。
我兴趣广泛,见解独到,有创新精神,为人正直,有责任心和敬业精神。曾成功组织了校第十一届大学生电影节,在全体会员的努力下,本届影评学会被评为校一级社团。大四时我在中学实习,我的讲课以风格独特、知识丰富而赢得广大学生和同事们的好评。
我相信,有了良好的语文能力,勇敢的开拓精神,广阔的视野,就具备了一个好语文老师的能力和不断提高的可能性。望有兴得到贵校的赏识。
考研英语作文格式范文第5篇
1.字体均为times new roman 报告题目为3号黑体居中
学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号
双倍行距
2.打印纸张规格:用a4纸单面打印。 3.报告第一页第一行应为:报告题目
第二行靠右应为:学生姓名、专业班级、学号
接下来是正文;参考文献在正文之后。 4. 报告字数为1000---1500字。
附:
英文读书报告写作知识 the book report 1. three main parts of a book report generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times ? a summary of the book a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life. it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book. to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book. 2. writing of the book report 1) the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand. above all, it should be objective. 3) the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work. reading report for extensive reading course (times new roman一号加粗居中)
(分两行,reading report单独一行,中间空一行)
(上端空三行,中间空四行) number:
term: name:
date: times new roman, 四号,居中,两端对齐,段前0.5) title (times new roman, 四号,居中,加粗) (title 与body之间空一行) body(1000字以上)
(正文每段缩进四个字符,小四,行距1.5,times new roman) 201120122英语阅读(4)期中作业
班级 英语1103班 姓名 田小星 学号 1101901307 成绩篇三:英语读书报告要求及范文(1) 英语读书报告格式要求范文 there is no standard form for a book report. however, every book report should contain the following four parts: 1. identification. give the title and author’s name. if the book is one with which your readers may not be familiar, identify it further. give the name of the publisher, the place and year of publication, the price, and the number of pages. writing book reports can be a valuable exercise in clear thinking and precise writing. it also gives you the opportunity to improve your writing and to develop a style of your own. 注意:
题目统一为: a book report on 英文书名(斜体),标题居中,正文两端对齐; 内容的几个部分可以成若干个段落写,但不能出现1,2,3,4序号字样;
英文中没有书名号, 书名斜体;注意其他英文标点符号使用及字母大小写的规范; 字体为times new roman, 字号为小四号,行距为固定值20磅;
页码置于页面底端居中。
字数要求:about 400 words 常见的表达法:简写本 simplified version/abbreviated version 故事大意如下 the gist of the story is as follows 主人公 leading role/leading character/hero/heroine 以为背景 it is set on the eve of/it is set on the background that 其他:可参见课本p183页要求。
格式可参考以下范文: sample 1 a book report on the black tulip by huang xin, class 0901 this novel took 17th century dutch bourgeois revolutionary period of intense political struggle and the turbulent life as its background. firstly, in order to obtain happiness, you should achieve your successful work; in order to achieve your successful work, you should go through thick and thin. as the writer said, “those who have suffered much, have a right to be happy.” take the two leading characters for example. they eventually reach happiness after suffering a lot both psychologically and physiologically. secondly, your happiness should live in your contribution towards others’ happiness, but not on the contrary, in destroying others’ happiness. if you get your happiness by taking advantage of others or by hurting others, you won’t be happy with it for long, at least, you won’t enjoy the real happiness. people will think you’re a mean person. boxtel was a typical case. he would never gain happiness. thirdly, wealth obtained through dishonest means doesn’t bring happiness. happiness is not an end, it is a process. it’s a continuous process of honest and productive work which makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel you are a useful and worthy person. sample 2 a book report on sons and lovers by cheng xin, class 0901 sons and lovers is a novel written by david herbert lawrence and it was first published in 1913 in london by wyman & sons. d. h. lawrence was born at eastwood, notts, on september 11, 1885, the fourth child of a miner who had been employed at brinsley colliery since he was 7 years old. in 1911, his first novel the white peacock was published. personality and mental health. it is perhaps because of this true picture of life that the novel has won lawrence everlasting reputation.篇四:怎样写英文读书报告 how to write a book/reading report? teachers love to assign book reports. did you ever wonder why? sure, you could think of it as a cruel attempt to force you to read. but it might be a little more than that! your teachers goal is to broaden your understanding of the course. that is what reading report do! what is included in a book report? as students advance, the book reports should include more contents, and the focus will vary according to specific study fields, which usually are grouped into sciences and humanities. your book report introduction the introduction segment of your book report provides an opportunity to make a good first impression. you should try to write a strong section of introductory paragraphs that can grab your readers attention. somewhere in the introductory part, you should state (italicized), and, if possible, a brief introduction about the writer. body before you get started on the body of the report, spend a few minutes considering the following points. ? can you identify the writers thesis? ? what are the major points in the book? (major parts, chapters, etc.) ? what are the author’s major arguments? ? what are the author’s supporting ideas and materials? ? what conclusions has the author drawn? in the body of your book report, you will use your notes to guide you through an extended summary of the book. you will weave your own thoughts and impressions into the summary. conclusion as you lead to your final part, consider some additional impressions and opinions: ? was the author’s thesis supported by strong evidence? ? what interesting or notable information have you obtained from reading the book? ? what impressions have you got from reading the book? before you hand in your book report, don’t forget to proofread what you have written and polish it when necessary. many college teachers require the book report typed and printed. 怎样写读书报告
一、读书报告有没有一定的格式
对初学写读书报告的同学来说,老师会介绍一般的格式给他们,让他们有所遵循。只要有书名、有作者,其它可集中读后感来写。最花费笔墨的是内容概要,其作用是让别人知道你看过这本书。至于写读后感的方式却是多种多样,没有任何规范。可以写成很抒情的散文,很尖锐的评论,很精辟的分析,很周详的比较??要看书的性质,也要看你感想的性质。
二、写读书报告的第一步
写读书报告的第一步是一面看书一面写,不论有什么感想,疑问和见解,都随即把它们写下来。如果书是自己的,可以直接写在书上;如果书不是自己的,就要准备一本读书札记簿,写在本子上。书看完了,把自己写下来的那些感受浏览一次,就会发现几个重要可以发挥的。把这几个重点列出来,有时间的话,把书有选择地再看一遍,以便你想论述的重点,找寻更多的资料或例证。有需要时,还可以再找其它有关的
书籍来补充你的论点。这样,你阅读的收获会丰富得多,你写的读书报告也会有分量得多。
三、不要只读一本书
要把一本书的读书报告写好,除了对这本书要有较透彻的了解之外,还要对作者、对作者所处的时代,对这本书写作的背景有所了解。如果有条件的话,最好能同时找到其它有关的书来看,包括:
1、作者的传记;
2、作者其它作品;
3、别人对这本书的研究;
4、其它作者的回顾或有关著作(如巴金的《回想录》与杨绛的《干校十记》等)。当然不是每一个人都有条件或需要这样做,但能够这样做,写出来的读书报告一定扎实得多,丰厚得多。
四、赞扬与批评
初学写读书报告,大多拜倒在作品之前,大大夸奖一番。可是赞扬与批评都需要见地,公式化的赞美之词:内容丰富,描写细腻,刻画入微,感人肺腑,文章清丽??全是废话。赞要赞到作品的节骨眼上,最好是这本书独有的、最突出的优点。批评当然比赞扬更难,因为写读书报告的人学养往往逊于作者,要能指出一本书的缺点,而又能言之成理,使人信服,实在并非易事。但不容易并不表示不可以这样做,如果做得到,这篇读书报告会更容易受到欣赏。既指出优点又指出缺点,当然是常用的做法,可是很容易变成一种公式,四平八稳的结果是不汤不水。因此赞扬不容易,批评难,又赞扬又批评也不简单。
五、点与面
读书报告可对一本书全面论述,全面的结果很容易流于浮面,样样都谈到了,但只是泛泛之论,倒不如抓住你最有感受、最有心得的几点来谈。因为你谈得集中、深入,自然能给读者比较深刻的印象。
六、不要引用太多
好的读书报告应以写报告人自己的意见为主要内容,原文可以作为举例加以引述,但不宜太多。引述其它人对这本书的看法也要适可而止,不要连篇累牍的抄。否则看过之后,只觉得大部分是别的唾余,写读书报告的只是一个人云亦云的抄录者。
七、读书报告的内容可包括:
1、作者简介、内容概要
2、本书在表达(如用一问一答的形式)、处理等方面的特别之处;
3、书中叫人深刻难忘的部分;
4、作者在书中传递的讯息;
5、个人最喜爱的部分;
6、对本书的评价和观感(如是否值得向其它读者推介);
7、读后感:(1)书中情节引起的联想
(2)书中内容引起的疑问
(3)本书令你有何提醒、启发及反思 (4)本书引起的思想上的转变 (5)本书令你引发的期望
8、从本书有何收获;
9、引用本书或其它书籍的内容,或日常用语。
八、读书报告的撰写步骤:
(一)写版本阅读:为了比较准确理解原著精髓,推荐阅读“全本”;
(二)确立论题:每人根据阅读感受,自由选取一个自己最感兴趣的角度确立一个论题;选择的角度要小,挖掘要深;
(三)收集资料:
1、摘记原文:根据论题,摘录原著中的相关内容,制成摘记卡;
2、查书籍杂志到校图书馆,区图书馆或市图书馆,依据目录检索相关书籍。同时也使学生更清楚了图书馆信息资源的利用;
3、上网搜索:如选用专业搜索网站
(四)报告的内容:选题理由、确立观点、论述观点
考研英语作文格式范文第6篇
首先需要谈谈如何对待提纲。一是文学性作文(即记叙文及其基础上的散文)应当编写简要的提纲,但不必严格按照提纲来起草。这种提纲不是逻辑关系的显示,而是主题、情节、形象和重点的展现,是心理图表,因而更多的是模糊性和情感性。妥当的办法是,经过构思,写出一个简明提纲,接着丢开提纲,自由发挥,任意起草。其实,这样起草时仍然有提纲起着观照的作用。仅仅在写不下去的时候,再参看提纲以便接续思路。二是科学性作文(包括议论文、说明文和应用文)都要编写细致的提纲。只要不断充实,提纲就成为初稿。
提纲编写程序如下:
一、拟制标题。
(一)标题和主题 关系十分密切,但是它服务于主题;标题可以更换,主题不能随意更换。考试作文主导命题思想,都要避免以前的命题及其固定套路,建立在基础性和实用性上,给考生发挥的空间。试题会有时代气息,切合考生的生活和思想实际。这样的命题,适应面广泛,力求考生都有话可说。
(二)审题立意 考试作文大都是命题作文,也有不少规定条件、提供材料后让考生自己命题,这就一定要慎重而又缓慢地审题(自己命题也要审)。
古人审题常用抓题眼的办法,如《陋室铭》的题眼是“陋”字。古人将完整的题目分为题身、题神和题眼,如《依依惜别的深情》,题身是“惜别”,即主要内容,题神是“依依”,即程度色彩,而题眼就是“深情”,即核心关键。再如《中国社会各阶级的分析》,题身是“中国社会各阶级”,题眼是“分析”。古代审题方法,给今天的审题以启示。
今天的审题,同样是审核题意,明确题目要求,抓住关键,以使作文切题。审题是作文成败的要害。步骤如下:
第一步,明确题目和主题及内容的关系,分析每个限制词语,把握题眼及重点。题目中心词的修饰成份显示了限制范围。如《一位英雄的事迹鼓舞了我》,限制词语是“一位”和“英雄”。标题成份还限制了作文的文体、内容、主题、人称等。如《知识就是力量》,限制写议论文。而《一件应该忘记的事》,限制了写记叙文。
1.对标出取材范围和内容重点的标题,分析每个词的含义,再综合并把握题眼。如《给我教益的一件事》:“给我”,是指与自己有关;“教益”,要在作文中表明事件的教育意义,是题眼或重点,作文应以此为中心内容和基本线索。如《我的一个好习惯》,重点在“好”字。
2.对深层含义的标题,要由此及彼,联系现实和自身,小中见大。如《窗口》,关键是从眼前的窗口联想到人生或社会。再如《攀登》、《我愿做只小蜜蜂》等。
3.对提供线索的标题,要围绕线索确定作文的范围和重点。如《我在实践着一条格言》,线索是“格言”,要围绕它联想,特别要联想到现实生活和自身。不能离开“格言”的含义。再如《压岁钱》等。
4.对提供具体材料的标题,要求自己命题。这是半命题作文。要分析把握材料的重心。如材料:“一九五四年三月二十七日,爱因斯坦给一位美国自学成才的实习机械师回信,说:“我认为你对我们社会的见解是颇有道理的。你的来信还使我认识到,智慧并不产生于学历,而是来自于对知识的终生不懈的追求。”
重心是爱因斯坦对智慧、学历和追求的看法,而不是他的贡献。
有的材料会有两个以上的重要意义,这就要从不同角度分析。如:
香港回归前夕6月1日。“亚州第一飞人”柯受良为了向祖国献上一份珍贵的厚礼,驾车成功地飞越了黄河壶口瀑布,完成了华夏儿女征服大自然的又一壮举。在“飞黄”前,他说,他要用自己成功的飞越向世界宣布,中国人不是懦夫。“没有了灵魂,人生好比大海的波浪爱拼才会赢。”这是柯受良最喜欢唱的一首歌。
这个材料有两个评论对象,一是柯受良的拼搏精神(不是他的壮举),二是柯受良的爱国精神。考生写出了这样的题目:《爱拼才会赢》、《贵在拼搏》、《小议“拼搏精神”》和《爱国,需要实干家》。
第二步,确定作文主题,即立意,也就是写一个判断句。主题是自己的一个鲜明的认识,当然要符合命题的要求,正确而又深刻。
如标题《我的亲人》,可以确定这样的主题:“我的亲人 是一个慈爱、高尚的人。”如上述爱因斯坦的材料,可以写一个这样的主题:“智慧来自于对知识的终生追求。”如上述柯受良的材料,除了《小议“拼搏精神”》外其它题目都又是主题。如《什么是人生价值》,可以写出主题“人生价值是贡献”。
(三)标题类型
给材料作文就要自定题目。这就是说,对作文的题目都要分清类别。以标题与主题的关系为主要标准,标题类型如下。
一是文学性作文的标题:
1.形象概括意蕴。这类标题常见,因为象征手法是传统手法,符合文学的本性。著名文学作品中这样的标题有《红高粱》、《城堡》和《老井》等。中考的标题有《攀登》、《窗口》、《我的脚印》和《我愿做只小蜜蜂》。
2.指出作文内容,即题材范围。这类标题也常见。如范文标题《妈妈眼里的我》、《深情厚谊》 和《记一次升旗活动》等。
3.与主题有关的一事一物,或人物语言。如《 的回忆》、《书包》和《压岁钱》等。
4.人名、地名、时间等。如《母亲的爱》、《放学路上》和《我在星期天》等。
这类标题要求:形象、含蓄和新奇。 文学名作标题如《阿Q正传》,新颖独到,土洋结合;具有象形作用,像阿Q及清末国人拖着小辫的脑袋。好的标题画龙点睛,使人一见钟情,反映出作者的文学和思想的造诣。中国女排曾以0:3输给古巴队,第二年大学生运动会上以3:0击败古巴队,这件事,大多新闻标题都是平实无误地概括这一事实。有一篇新闻的标题颇为生动,《还她一个三比0》。这个标题,表现了背景,显示出自豪感和幽默感,语言通俗,响亮上口。注意:自定题可以独到新颖,但主题却不能离开材料内容的限制,千万不能追求怪异。
二是科学性作文的标题:
1.直接标明主题。标题是一个判断句,有主语(可以省略)、谓语和宾语。如《做一个的 青年》。又如考试范文标题《好习惯使人终生受益》、《同学,你不能这样》、《天下无难事》、《不要畏惧困难》。这类标题有《......是(动词).....》和《......要......》的模式。
2.指出内容范围。有《论》或者《论》标题模式。有的论文标题省去了“论”字。如中考范文标题《革命友谊与“江湖义气》、《比金钱更有价值的东西》、《谈兴趣》和《我的兴趣爱好》。
3.设问、反问、感叹以显示主题倾向。如《中国人失掉了自信力了吗?》、《“下不为例”可以休矣!》。这类题在考试作文中罕见。范文标题有《母亲真爱吃鱼头吗?》和《让种树人再多些吧》。
4.提出问题,引起深思。如范文标题《这种做法该不该提倡》和《最美的东西是什么》。
这类标题要求:1.确切。一要与内容符合,不能写跑题。二是含义大小与作文一致,《谈困难》不能写成《谈人生》。三要与文体风格一致,如一般不能写成公文或者记叙文的标题。2.精练。特殊需要时标题才能长。3.醒目。一要形象,二要新颖。
二、 写主题句。
主题在作文中具有核心的地位。如果说作文是一个精神生命,那么材料是血肉,结构是骨胳,语言是细胞,表达方式是皮肤,线索是脉络,而主题则是核心。
作文是围绕着主题句来写的。写议论文,首先要写出中心论点这句话,接着才能分析为什么或者用其它论证方法例如举事实的例证法。而写记叙文,也首先要领悟出主题句,接着让主题句作为灵魂来起草全文,并最好在中间部分显示主题句(开头和结尾也可以出现主题句或者相似的句子)。主题是考生在作文中通过全部材料所表达的基本认识,具体表现为一个逻辑判断句(10个字左右)。而在教学尤其是中小学教学中常见的主题或者中心思想的说法是模糊的,有的还是一种套路,“通过表现了歌颂了”这一公式化的主题认识,其实讲的是内容简介。主题体现为逻辑判断。这种判断应当集中、明确。总之,正确的主题写法是一个有主语(可以省略)、 谓语和宾语的判断句。如《谁是最可爱的人》的主题就是一句话“志愿军是最可爱的人”。
正如灵魂的高低决定着人的水平一样,主题句的高低也决定着作文的水平,也就是说主题句具有层次性。作者一定要充分发挥主观性,让主题句达到更高的层次。
主题句最基本的层次应该是客观层次,即主题句准确反映了作文中心内容的本质真实。在记叙文中,主题句或者概括了一个人真实客观的性格特色,或者刻划了一个事物的本质特点。例如:“他是一个有创造力的人。”在议论文中,中心论点揭示了所论述事物的客观本质。
主题句更高一层的认识是具有科学文化深度和广度的认识。这就要求作者的思想认识修养的提高。这样的主题句可以说达到了充满文化色彩的层次:“他是当代毕升。”
主题句再高一层是具有哲理意味的认识。哲理简单地说就是具有普遍性和永久性。例如:“他是一个有永恒追求的人。”
黑格尔认为,美学是哲学的高度发展,而哲学又是人类所有认识的精华。所谓美,其实就是促发人们积极意义的高级生命及其自由创造的本质。据此,著者以为,主题句最高的层次应该是审美的生命认识。例如:“他代表着新人类。”
主题句是作文的核心,作为主导思想贯穿全文,指导全文。这是人尽皆知的。但是,究竟怎样主导就有一些人不甚了了,尤其是对主题句在作文中的位臵更不能清醒地把握。笔者以为,主题句在作文中的位臵应是明晰的。仅就议论文和记叙文中的主题句位臵作以解说是必要的。
议论文中主题句的位臵:
标题 一般写出主题句即中心论点这句话。
开头 一般要在段尾写出主题句,或写出与主题句相关的论题。
中间 主要采用分析法分出二三层来,说明主题为什么和怎么样,行文中兼用其它论证方法如列举事实的例证法。在中间部分的靠后处突出主题句。
结论 重申主题句,可以在字句上变化,或更深入一步。
记叙文讲究主题句,这是许多人不能认可的。正因此,更要突出强调主题句在记叙文中的必要。写作记叙文时,首先要在构思提纲阶段就领悟出主题句,接着让主题句作为灵魂来起草全文,并最好在中间部分显示主题句(开头和结尾也可以出现主题句或者相似的句子)。主题句在记叙文中的位臵:
标题 不少标题就是主题,也有不是主题的,但可能与主题有关。
开头 提示或显示主题,一般在开头的后方。
中间 在高潮部分,即将近结束的地方要强化(强调)主题。
结尾 重复主题。
由以上认识可知,对于语文教学来说就一定要告诉学生:作文不但要围绕着而且要穿插着主题句来写作,要有一个“提出强调重申”主题句的三段式过程。这是提高学生作文水平的一个切入点。
三、简述内容(包括关键词)。
内容简述或者内容,在科学性作文中包括主题和层义以及要点,在文学性作文中可以写做过程、部分及要点。这就要有30字左右。注意:平时作文,可以练习写内容简述,考试时不必写出。
四、选择结构。
这一点指的是中间部分的安排。
文学性作文结构:
1. 纵向发展式。按照事物发展的时序或过程进行,这种结构,建立在叙述这种表达方式的顺叙、倒叙等基础之上。倒叙尽管将结局或最突出的片断提到开头,但主体仍属于纵向发展式,因为作者和读者都有明确的时间意识。线索层次清晰,但易生沉闷感。这就必须注意主次详略,重点突出。
2. 横向发展式。按照事物构成的序列展开,分成几部分。
科学性作文中的结构:
1.并列式。一般写的是对象的横向的、静态的情况。各部分相互间无紧密联系,独立性强,但共同为说明主旨服务。能够省略某一部分。先后次序不那么固定。往往运用序码,如第
一、第
二、第三。这种方法的好处是概括面广,条理性强。
2.递进式。一般写的是对象的纵向的动态的过程或者事理。各部分层层递进,每一部分也不可缺少,前后顺序也不能颠倒。这种方法的好处是逻辑严密,能说明问题。
在一篇文章中,两种方法可以互相交叉,即以一种方法为主,在某一部分即层次中用另一种方法。结构选择,所用字数一般只有几个。
五,标明层义。
这一部分就叫做全文的纲。层义这一提纲的主要部分有两种写法。一是标题写法,结尾没有标点符号,几个至多十来个字,简明扼要。这种写法的长处是简洁清楚,易于把握(字数少,提纲短)。短处是别人不易看懂,自己也可能在一段时间后弄不明白。二是句子写法,是完整的一句话。这种写法的长处是具体明确,短处是易于冗长,不利于思考。最好是两种方法交替,在简单明了的地方用标题写法,在复杂难记的地方用句子写法,根据具体情况而定。这样,层义具体表现在文章中有两种,一是居中排列的小题目,二是项目。
注意:自此以下,提纲就要运用序码。序码一般分为四层:一是汉字小写的
一、
二、
三、四等,后面用顿号(小标题的层次顺序不用顿号,空一格);二是半圆括号和汉字,如
(一);三是阿拉伯数字
1、
2、
3、4等,后面用点号;四是半圆括号的阿拉伯数字,如(1)。以下还可以有第一,第二,第三等。要保持一致,不能混乱。
六,写出段义及要点。
在文学性作文提纲中,应有较大的创造自由,在这里就只需要写出要点或重点可以是各种提示如方法、技巧、 警句和灵感等等。
提纲举例如下:
记叙文提纲
标题:记一场鼓号仪仗队比赛
主题句:团结就是力量。
内容简介(考试不必写):通过叙述鼓号仪仗队比赛的过程,反映了同学们齐心协力参加比赛的生动情形,受到了团结就是力量的启迪。
结构:纵向式
正文:
一、开头 概述事情的时间、结果等。可以议论事情对我的影响。
二、中间 从前到后详细叙述事情过程。
1.出发。时、地、人等以及心理。
2.到达。有场面描写。
3.表演。细节。个人。自己的感受。
4.成绩。心情。点出意义即主题句。
三、结尾 重申意义,照应开头,发出感慨。
议论文提纲
标题:生日
主题句:生日应当过得有意义。
内容简介(考试不必写):反映了为孩子大操大办生日的社会现象,指出这是关系到民族美德的思想问题,主张生日应当过得有意义。
结构:并列式。
正文:
一、开头:论题即生日。
二、中间:论证
1.提出现象:为娃娃办生日的社会问题。引用俗语。
2.分析论证:
(1)关系着民族美德和思想腐化。(可以改作规范段的主句)
(2)奢侈的恶果和正确的途径。
三、结论:照应开头,突出论点;讲辩证。
提炼这两个提纲的范文附在本文之后。
编写后的提纲,还要修改。对提纲的修改是一个总--分--总的综合分析过程。先从总体上把握,去分析部分,再在分析部分时放在总体中把握。如果相反首先修改局部, 就可能在不符合整体时删去,这就造成浪费。
平时作文,最好按照程序编写详细提纲。而在考场上,提纲编写则应该适应考场特殊情况即按详细和简明两种方式来编写。有时限于时间而不写草稿,则提纲应该详细编写,起到草稿的作用。
【提纲1】
题目:生命的负重
文体:记叙性散文
立意:面对社会、家庭、自己,生命无时不挑着一副重担。担子沉重,路也难走,但担子却增加了生命的重量。
开头:轻,是生命的开端;重,是生命的终点。生命之重把你的腰压得纤细,把你的肩压得宽厚,把你的心压得坚实。
主体:
1、蚂蚁。在你生命的担子里装着的是社会。(负责搬运食物的蚂蚁一生运载食物的重量是自身重量的千万倍。)你的腰因负重而纤细。
2、父亲。在你生命的担子里装着的是家庭。(我小时候坐在父亲肩上;现在,父亲仍挑着整个家庭的重担。)你的肩因负重而宽厚。
3、我。在我生命的担子里装着的是思想。(对自己灵魂深处的阴暗面进行反思;对社会和人性中的阴暗面进行思考。)我的心因负重而坚实。
结尾:负重,让风浪中的生命不再摇晃;负重,让孤独的生命不再懦弱;负重,增加了生命的重量。
【提纲2】
题目:负重的生命更精彩
开头:水的小船在风浪中更稳定,劳碌的身体在困境中更健壮,负重的生命在逆境中更有韧性。因为肩上的重担让我们懂得责任,让我们体味真正的人生,让我们领悟活着的意义。
主体:
1、负重的生命更精彩,因为我们懂得了责任的含义。例子:《飘》中思佳丽在战争前后的变化。
2、负重的生命更精彩,因为我们体味了真正的人生。例子:邰丽华,张海迪,霍金。
3、负重的生命更精彩,因为我们领悟了活着的意义。例子:《活着》中福贵一生的变化。
结尾:负重的我们在责任中成长,在砥砺中蜕变,在风浪中坚强。生活的重担在我们身上留下的烙印越深,我们所能承载的幸福就越多。所以,负重的生命更精彩!
其它提纲示例:
《爸爸睡着了》
第一段:写爸爸要和一家人去公园玩
1 写这是一个美丽的春日,一家人要去公园玩。
2 爸爸不为睛天所动,睡得正香。
3 爸爸拗不过妹妹,答应一起去公园。
第二段:写爸爸是一个风趣,不顾家、工作上不要命的人。
1 爸爸的工作性质、改革措施、工作态度(突出工作上不要命)
2 爸爸全身心投入工作,苦了妈妈。(不顾家)
3 爸爸向妈妈“赔罪”。(风趣)
第三段:爸爸睡着了。
1 爸爸的工作取得了成绩。
由于高兴,劳累多日的爸爸跟我们一起去公园。
2 公园的景色描写
3 爸爸睡着了。
《骄傲使人落后》
第一段:提出论点:骄傲使人落后,是无数事实已经证明了的真理,它是成功和进步的大敌,特别是在“四化”建设中,有了骄傲情绪,就会造成损失,使我国在各方面落后于世界先进水平 。
第二段:用典型论据去论证论点。
1 凡骄傲自大,自以为了不起,看不起人的人都会停滞不前,甚至遭受挫折。如明末农民革命将领李自成,推翻明朝后就自以为了不起,骄傲自满,放松了警惕,结果惨遭失败。
2 1989年中国女排在奥运会失利了,就是因为连续胜利,背上了世界冠军的包袱,滋长了骄傲情绪,放松了训练,导致奥运会上的惨败。
3 爱迪生早年有一千多项发明,他晚年变得很骄傲,甚至对手下人说:“你们不必再说什么,任何高明的建议都超越不了我的思维。”结果堵塞了智慧的源泉,再也没有什么发明了。
4 引用巴甫洛夫的格言来说明不能骄傲的道理:“由于骄傲,你们会拒绝有益的劝告和友好的帮助,而且,由于骄傲,你们会失掉客观的标准。”
第三段:进一步用对比论证的方法,去论证论点(应举例证明)。某某同学因为他处处谦虚好学,所以取得成功;某某同学由于骄傲所以落后了,一事无成,甚至惨遭失败。