定语从句要点谈（精选9篇）

定语从句要点谈 第1篇

关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。其中that和why不能用于非限制性定语从句中。关系词的选用主要依据两条原则:一是指代什么;二是充当什么成分。

1.which指物, 作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例如:

This is the table which was bought yesterday.

The book which we talked about is on my desk.

The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were.

We told him to see the doctor, which advice he took.

The treasure, some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.

2.that指物或人, 作主语、宾语或表语。例如:

The train that has just left is for Shanghai.

He is the man that my brother visited last month.

China is not the country that she was fifty years ago.

3.who指人, 作主语 (在非正式英语中也可用作宾语) 。例如:

Do you know the boy who is standing over there?

The man who I saw is called Albert.

4.whom指人, 作宾语。例如:

He is the man whom I met on holiday.

I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.

They are the new students, most of whom come from the west.

5.whose指人或物, 作定语。例如:

This is the girl whose father is a doctor.

Can you see the house whose windows face the east?

6.as指人或物, 作主语、宾语或表语。

⑴在限制性定语从句中, as主要用于以下固定结构the same as, the same…as, such as, such…as, as many as, as much as, as…as, so…as等。例如:

Let's discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.

I have never heard such stories as she tells.

My hometown is no longer the same as it was.

⑵在非限制性定语从句中, as也构成了固定的结构as we can see, as was said before, as is often said, as is well known, as often happens, as has been pointed out等。而这种结构可放在句首、句中或主句之后, 有“正像……, 正如……”等含义。例如:

As we can see, great changes have taken place in our hometown.

Great changes, as we can see, have taken place in our hometown.

Great changes have taken place in our hometown, as we can see.

另外, than和but也可用作关系代词, 指人或物。例如:

You spent more money than was intended to be spent.

There are few but admires his talent.

7.when指时间, 作状语。例如:

I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.

The summer of 1969, when men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten.

另外, since, before或after也可用作指代时间的关系副词。例如:

Every day since we came here has been most enjoyable.

On the day before we started off, it was raining heavily.

The years after he returned from abroad were full of opportunities for him.

8.where指地点, 作状语。例如:

This is the house where my mother used to live.

Honolulu is the city where East-West Center is located.

9.why指原因, 作状语。例如:

Traffic jam is the reason why he was late.

Do you know the reason why they didn't attend the meeting?

二、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一:用关系代词, 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语, 就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。

方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主语、宾语、定语、状语) , 也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分, 先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时, 选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose) ;先行词在从句中作状语时, 应选择关系副词 (where地点状语, when时间状语, why原因状语) 。

三、关系代词的用法区别

由于as在定语从句中主要用在固定结构中, 而which, that和who则不能, 因此, 它们之间的区别很明确。

1.that和which

⑴先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时, 或先行词是数词时, 用that, 不用which。例如:

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

This is the last book that he gave me.

Can you see the three that are under the table?

⑵先行词被all, every, each, no, some, any, little, few, none, much, the very, the only, the same等修饰时用that, 不用which。例如:

We have little time that we can spare.

Beijing is the very city that I want to visit.

⑶先行词为all, something, everything, much, little, few, one等不定代词时, 多用that。例如:

He told me everything that he knew.

All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.

⑷先行词由物和人共同组成时, 用that, 不用which。例如:

Can you see the boy and some goats that are running down the hill?

The men and the guns that will be sent to the front are on the trucks.

⑸句中已存在了which时, 为避免重复, 用that, 不用which。例如:

Which is the pen that you bought yesterday?

I want to buy a house which is large and that lies near our school.

⑹在there be结构中, 用that, 不用which。例如:

There are three bags of rice in the kitchen that belong to me.

There is a refrigerator that stands in the corner of the room.

⑺关系词前有介词时, 用which, 不用that。例如:

The book about which we talked is on the desk.

This is the room in which I lived last week.

⑻在非限制性定语从句中用which, 不用that。例如:

He failed his exam, which proves that he wasn't working hard.

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

This is the house, the windows of which were broken.

⑼先行词为that, those时, 用which, 不用that。例如:

That which upsets me most is his manners.

Those which are in the corner of the room are yours.

2.that与who, whom的区别

⑴先行词为those, one, all, any, he, somebody等时, 多用who, whom。例如:

Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

I will find somebody whom you can go with.

⑵句中有who时, 用that, 不用who。例如:

Who is the girl that is standing over there?

⑶先行词被the very, the only, the right, the same等修饰时, 用that, 不用who。例如:

He is the very man that you are looking for.

She is the only person that I want to see.

⑷在非限制性定语从句中用who, whom, 不用that。例如:

They have a daughter, who has gone abroad for further study.

This is Mr.Smith, whom I met at a party last week.

⑸先行词作表语时, 用that, 不用who, whom。例如:

She isn't the kind of person that she was.

That was the distinguished actor that he later became.

3.whose与which的区别

whose作定语时, 指代的是某个表示人或物的名词。而which指代的是整个句子, 或用在in which case, at which point, on which occasion, by which time等结构中。例如:

He is the man whose car was stolen.

This is the house whose windows were broken.

They cut down all the trees on the mountains, which result worries us much.

The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.

4.from which与from where的区别

在from which中, which指代的是某个名词或代词;在from where中, where指代的是副词或介词短语。例如:

There is a small woods near our village, from which we can pick up many mushrooms.

He was standing on the roof, from where he could see the enemy's moving.

四、定语从句中的主谓一致

定语从句中谓语动词的数要和先行词保持一致。

1.在分隔性定语从句中准确确定先行词

He bought some books from the bookstore, which are useful.

(some books为先行词, 谓语动词用复数)

He saw a cow in the woods, which was his brother's. (a cow为先行词, 谓语动词用单数)

2.先行词为整个句子

The factory has made many new tractors for the farmers, which is encouraging.

(整个句子为先行词, 谓语动词用单数)

They said they had been working in the workshop for hours, which was true.

(整个句子为先行词, 谓语动词用单数)

3.与中心词保持一致

He is one of the students who are from the countryside.

(与the students保持一致, 谓语动词用复数)

Tom is the only one of my friends who has been invited to the party.

(与the only one保持一致, 谓语动词用单数)

五、关系代词与关系副词的转换

1.在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中, when, where, why可省略, 或用that代替。这种用法一般用于口语或非正式语体中。例如:

I still remember the summer that (when) we had the big drought.

I know a place that (where) you can buy this kind of bicycle.

That wasn't the reason that (why) he lied to you.

2.which前加介词可代替when, where或why。例如:

I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to Beijing.

This is the house in which (where) my parents used to live.

I don't know the reason for which (why) he was late for school.

3.of which或of whom可代替whose。例如:

It was an agreement whose details could not be altered.

It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.

It was an agreement of which the details could not be altered.

He took care of Little Tom whose guardian he was.

He took care of Little Tom of whom he was guardian.

六、关系词的省略

在限制性定语从句中有些关系词可以省略, 但是, 在非限制性定语从句中就不能省略。

1.which, that, who, whom作宾语时可以省略, 但介词后的which或whom则不能省略。例如:

This is the house my mother used to live in.

The person to whom I complained is the manager.

2.when, where, why, that等关系副词或“介词+which”在句中作状语时, 可以省略。例如:

I will never forget the year we worked together on the farm. (省略了when, that或in which)

I don't know any place you can get a better exchange rate. (省略了where, that或at which)

That wasn't the reason he lied to you. (省略了why, that或for which)

3.that作表语时可以省略。例如:

She is no longer the girl she was before she went to college.

The village is not the place it used to be twenty years ago.

4.在there be句型中, 关系代词可以省略。例如:

This is the fastest train there is to Beijing. (省略了that)

There are only eight persons live in the lonely village. (省略了that或who)

5.way作先行词时, 后面可用in which, that或省略关系词。例如:

That was the way in which she looked after us.

This is the way that she did it.

I don't like the way he speaks.

七、限制性与非限制性定语从句

1.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分, 去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明, 去掉了也不会影响主句的意思, 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 (限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的。 (非限制性)

2.当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时, 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了, 他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人, 我已经读了三遍。

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没领会我的意思, 这使我很不高兴。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽, 这就叫做蒸发。

定语从句要点谈 第2篇

定语从句要点回顾

I 定语从句的定义

在复合句中，修饰名词或者代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。如在课本中，(a)The man who lives next to us sells vegetable. (b) You must do everything that I can do. 斜体部分是先行词。黑体部分是定语从句。第一句中定语从句修饰的是“the man ”这个名词，而在第二句当中修饰的是“everything”这个代词。其中，“who”和“that”叫做关系代词。应到定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词where, when, why. 同时“as”也经常充当关系代词，引导定语从句。

II 关系代词that, which, who(whom)引导的定语从句(基本例句见课本)

1，其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧：用who 不用 that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。***那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。]

<1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom.

<2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用 who不用that, 例：

A new teacher will come who will teach you German.

在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句 “who will teach you German ” 分离，所以我们用 who 不用 that。

<3>先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如

There is a man who wants to see you.

在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that

2其中，that 和 which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别：

(1) 用that不用which

<1>先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如：

I have read all the books that you gave me.

<2>先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much 等不定代词时：

He did all that he could do to help us.

<3>主语以who或which开头时

Who is the man that just called you just now?

<4>关系代词在从句中做表语时

China is not the country that is was.

<5>既指人又指物时

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况

<1>引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:

She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.

<2>当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:

He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.

在上一例句中,引导词 “which”作了介词 “in”的宾语,所以不可以用 “that”代替.

III由whose， when， where why 等引导的定语从句可参考课本内容。这里简单介绍一下非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning which makes his mother very happy.

IV 关于as

(1) 在一些结构，如“such as” “the sameas” “asas”等结构中，定语从句的引导词经常要用到as，例如

This is not such a book as I expected.

(2) the same as和the same that 的区别。例句：

This is the same tool as I used last time.

This is the same tool that I used last time.

在例句中，第一句的意思是这个工具和我上次用的一样，但是第二句的意思是这就是我上次用的工具

(3) as 和which 的比较

相同点：两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词都可以是整个句子，都可以在从句中做主语，宾语表语。

不同点<1>as 引导的从句可以放在句首和句尾，而which 引导的从句只可放在句尾。

<2>另外which 还有正如、正象的意思。

As Marx pointed out, labor created man himself.

当先行词，虽然表示时间地点，但是引导词在从句中不是做状语时，而是做宾语时，不能用when, where引导，而只能用that, which 等引导。比较以下两个句字：

I will never forget the days when I first went to Beijing .

I will never forget the days that (which) we spent together.

谈初中英语定语从句用法 第3篇

在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。“某一名词或代词”叫先行词，定语从句要放在先行词的后面。其句子顺序为：...先行词+关系词+定语从句...

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）

The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）

2.which用于指物，可作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）

The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？

正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.

请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

（2）含有介词的固定词组，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

（4）关系词只能用that的情况：

a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：

What's that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？

b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：

Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

浅谈定语从句教学的难点突破 第4篇

一、关系代词和关系副词的选择

很多学生知道定语从句需要用关系代词或关系副词来引导, 但对于众多的关系词, 究竟该选哪个总是模棱两可, 出现这种情况的原因主要有以下几个方面。

1.对关系词的功能理解不透彻

关系词有三大作用, 一是放在从句与先行词之间, 起引导定语从句的作用;二是起指代或替代先行词的作用;三是在定语从句中充当适当的句子成分, 即主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。

首先要让学生牢记引导定语从句的关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as和关系副词when, where, why的具体功能, 即可指代什么, 能在从句中充当什么成分, 特别要记清楚that与which不能替换的几种情况。如以下情况, 引导词用that, 不用which:

(1) 先行词为不定代词everything, little, much, all, anything, nothing或被不定代词修饰时。

(2) 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。

(3) 先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时。

(4) 先行词同时指人和指物时。

(5) 由which或who提问的句子。

(6) 定语从句的内容为解释名词的性质、概念时。

引导非限定性定语从句和作介词宾语时, 只用which, that不可替换which。

其次还要对对于句子结构、句子成分模糊不清的学生进行讲解引导, 让这些学生知道句子的基本结构和基本成分。

2.不能区分定语从句与其他从句或结构

很多学生将名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句以及强调结构的引导词混为一谈, 结果不能正确选定定语从句的关系词。请看下面的例子。

(2009 湖北卷) It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.

A.as B. which C.whether D.that

此句中的It 为形式主语, the students 之后是一个主语从句, 其引导词为that, 此处的that 在名词性从句中只作为引导词, 不担任句子成分。as只引导状语从句和定语从句, which 和whether虽可引导名词性从句, 但which意为“哪个 (些) ”, whether意为“是否”, 均与句子语义不符。又如:

①It is in the park that I met him.

②It is the park where I met him.

这两个句子之所以用that和where作引导词, 是因为句①是一个强调结构, 强调了地点状语in the park, 根据强调结构可知用that作引导词, 而句②是一个主系表结构的句子, 其中的表语the park之后为定语从句, 故用关系副词where作引导词。教学中遇到类似的问题时要多分析句子, 使学生真正把握句子结构, 这样才能比较轻松地选出正确的引导词。

3.对两种定语从句的特征不明确

定语从句分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 前者是先行词不可缺少的修饰和限定内容, 而后者是对先行词的补充说明, 去掉非限定性定语从句, 整个句子在结构上及语义上还是完整的。从形式上看, 限定性定语从句一般紧跟先行词, 而非限定性定语从句往往用逗号与先行词分开, 那么在选引导词时就有了差别, 如that既指人又指物, 在限定性定语从句中可以who, whom, which替换, 但在非限定性定语从句中不可用that。所以一定要让学生牢牢记住这一点。同时要弄清as与which在引导非限定性定语从句时的异同, 二者都是关系代词, 都能引导非限定性定语从句, 指代主句内容, 在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语, 但which引导的从句多放在主句之后, as引导的非限定性定语从句多置于主句前或主句中。

二、介词+关系代词引导定语从句时介词的选定

定语从句中出现介词时, 介词往往被置于关系代词之前, 介词+关系代词的选定也是高考中定语从句考查的常见模式, 但很多学生对这类问题却束手无策。在教学中可告诉学生根据以下四点进行选择。

1.介词与定语从句的先行词的习惯性搭配

2.介词与定语从句中的动词的习惯性搭配

3.介词与定语从句中的形容词构成的习惯性短语

4.表示所有格或整体与部分关系的介词为of

三、先行词与其定语从句的割裂现象

一般情况下, 定语从句紧跟在先行词后, 但有时先行词与其定语从句会出现割裂情况, 其间可能插入短语或从句, 这就给对全句结构的理解造成了困难。如:

(2010 江西卷) The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister she would stay for an hour.

A.where B.who C.which D.what

根据语义可知从句是用来修饰限定the training centre的, 而不是修饰her sister的, 代入从句为:She would stay at the training centre for an hour, 故选where作引导词, 在从句中充当地点状语。如果看不到with her sister割裂了先行词the training centre和定语从句, 误认为her sister是先行词, 那么就不能选出B 项了。

略谈定语从句的易犯错误 第5篇

一、重复使用定语从句中的某些成分

1. 误:Some of the girls I invited them didn’t want to come.

正:Some of the girls I invited didn’t want to come.

【析】应删去them, 因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom, who或that.

2. 误:The book that you need it isn’t on the table.

正:The book that you need isn’t on the table.

【析】应删去it, 因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。

二、搞不清定语从句谓语动词单、复数的用法

1. 误:I, who is your teacher, should help you.

正:I, who am your teacher, should help you.

【析】应改is为am, 因为先行词是I, 也就说定语从句的谓语用单数还是复数必须和先行词呼应。

2. 误:He was one of the students who was praised by professor Smith.

正:He was one of the students who were praised by professor Smith.

【析】应改was为were, 因为先行词是the students.译:他是史密斯教授夸奖的学生当中的一个。但是如果在one前出现了the (only) 时, 先行词就是the one.

例如:

This is the one of the rooms that is free now.

译:这是唯一的一个目前空着的房间。

三、定语从句、非谓语结构做定语混淆

例如:

He has many friends, only a few of_____invited to the his birthday party.

A.themB.whom C.thatD.who

【析】正确答案是A。这属于过去分词做定语。但是, 如果在invited前出现了were, 答案则是B。这属于定语从句做定语。

四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词

误:The house where he lives in needs repairing.

正:The house where he lives needs repairing.

或:The house in which he lives needs repairing.

或:The house he lives in needs repairing.

【析】应保留where, 删去从句中的in, 因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语, in属多余。或者用in which替换where。因为关系副词可以用相应的prep+which替换。

例如:

I still remember the day when I firs came to Beijing.

或:I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.

五、把定语从句的引导词如何判断误解为由先行词直接决定

1. 误:I still remember the day when we spent together.

正:I still remember the day that which we spent together.

【析】应改when为that或which, 因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词, 其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。

2. 误:Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?

正:Have you asked her for the reason that/which may explain her absence?

【析】应改why为that或which, 因为定语从句缺少主语, 而不是少原因状语。

提醒:定语从句的引导词的判断有三个步骤:

(1) 首先, 分析定语从句缺什么成分。

(2) 其次, 判断定语从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。

(3) 最后, 再分析先行词是表示人、物、时间、地点、原因还是方式。

六、误将强调句型看作定语从句

1. 误:It was is the kitchen where the fire broke out.

正:It was is the kitchen that the fire broke out.

【析】应将where改that, 因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后, 在语法和句意上均成立, 故此题是强调句型, 而非定语从句。

2. 误:Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come?

正:Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come?

【析】应将when改为that, 原句还原为Because it snowed last night, you didn’t come, 在语法和句意上均成立, 故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。

提醒:如何判断一个句子是否是强调句型呢?

将It is/wasthat删除后, 如果剩余部分是一个完整的句子, 就是强调句型;如果不完整的话, 就是定语从句。

定语从句要点谈 第6篇

1. 何为定语从句

相对于汉语来说, 定语从句是英语特有的语法, 也是中国学生在学英语的过程中很难逾越的一道障碍。那何为定语从句呢?所谓定语从句, 指的是修饰一个名词或者代词的从句。定语从句起修饰限定的作用, 一般放在所修饰的名词或者代词的后面。

2. 定语从句在英汉差异中的体现

英汉分属不同的语系, 有着各自鲜明的特点和规律。以定语来说, 在英语中, 名词、形容词、动名词、动词的过去分词、介宾短语, 以及定语从句, 都可以起到限定、修饰的作用。比如下面这个句子:

At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult, employers who can eliminate invalid biases from the process have a distinct advantage.

在这个句子中, 过去分词qualified, who引导的定语从句, 以及形容词invalid, distinct都起到了限定、修饰的作用。

而汉语中只有名词、形容词起限定修饰的作用。比如刚才这个英语句子的汉语翻译:

在一个雇用称职人才变得日益困难的时代, 在面试过程中能消除错误偏见的雇主们有着明显的优势。这个句子中, 困难的、面试、错误、偏见的、明显的这几个名词或形容词起到了限定修饰的作用。

除此之外, 汉语中没有从句这个语法概念, 何谈定语从句。英汉的差异, 使得定语从句的学习变得更加困难, 也使得定语从句在英语教学中的地位愈发重要。

3. 中国学生在学习定语从句时遇到的问题

定语从句在英语中使用非常广泛, 没有一篇英语文章, 会离开定语从句。学生们平时在课本上, 在四六级题中, 在考研英语的题目当中, 都能见到定语从句。

由于英汉的差异, 使得中国学生在遇到定语从句的时候, 会有些不适应, 辨别不出定语从句, 分析不出句子结构, 就不能很好地理解句子, 做不好阅读理解题。不会准确翻译定语从句, 就做不好翻译题。很多学生更不会想到要在写作中写出定语从句, 即使想到了要在写作中写定语从句, 也不知道该如何下手去写, 这就使得写出的作文句子短小、句式单一, 相应地, 写作部分就拿不到高分。

学生们学习语法, 不只是要学会使用语法去分析句子结构, 更要学会把这类语法娴熟地应用在写作中, 把它真正掌握, 活学活用。

因此, 如何界定定语从句, 怎么翻译定语从句, 怎么在四级写作部分写出定语从句, 就成了大学英语学习和教学的一个重点。

4. 如何界定定语从句

大学英语学习的目的之一是通过英语四、六级考试。而四六级甚至考研英语, 考查的一个语法项目就是在阅读理解部分长难句的分析。定语从句经常是长难句的组成部分之一。除了长难句的分析, 在写作中, 也该体现出定语从句的使用才行, 这才是大学生应有的英语水平。

那么如何界定某个从句是不是定语从句, 就显得尤为重要了。对于从高中就开始接触的语法项目, 学生们对定语从句应该不陌生。定语从句是由关系代词或者关系副词that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when, why等引导 (有些关系代词或者关系副词做宾语时可以省略) , 修饰限定其先行词, 而先行词通常是指名词或代词。所以出现以上先行词+关系代词或关系副词的结构, 我们就可以先断定它是一个定语从句。再就是要判断从句和它前边名词或代词关系, 是修饰关系的话, 必定是定语从句了。比如:

Many of us have similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different.

这个句子中包含了一个定语从句we perceive as different, 其先行词是behaviors, 关系代词that在句中做宾语, 可以省略。

再比如下边这个句子:

Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person’s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.

这个长句子, 包含了一个in which引导的定语从句, 其先行词是crime, 同时这个句子又包含了一个that引导的定语从句, 其先行词是way。

两个句子中都出现了先行词+关系代词的句子结构, 再看关系代词后边的从句, 它们都起到了修饰限定先行词的作用, 这样, 我们就更确定他们是定语从句了。用这样的方法却界定定语从句, 就不能理解句子结构了。不过值得注意的是, 要区分that引导的定语从句和同位语从句。

5. 如何翻译定语从句

英语和汉语在句子组成方面也是存在差异的。英语重形, 汉语重意。英语中句子主谓结构必须完整, 一般情况下, 主语在前, 谓语在后, 而定语从句必须放在它所修饰的先行词之后。但是, 汉语中, 我们习惯于把定语放在前边, 而且有一个标志词“的”。所以定语从句的翻译, 也就显得比较困难和重要。那学生们该怎么翻译定语从句呢?

1) 英译汉的情况

要把英语定语从句翻译成汉语, 需要在整个句子中做一下位置的调整:即把原来放在名词或代词后边的定语从句放到名词或代词的前边。我们不妨来看两个个例子:

As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.

本句含有who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词audiences。我们可以这样来翻译:因此, 电台将吸引到越来越多的远距离目标受众。

Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.

本句含有两个that引导的定语从句, 分别修饰先行词places和telecommunications。我们可以这样来翻译:一些不久前还是信息闭塞的地方正在迅速获取最新的通信技术, 这将促使他们吸纳国内外投资。

通过这句话我们可以看出, 定语从句的翻译方式可以多种多样, 不必拘泥于“…的”句型。如何翻译更加合适, 更加符合目的语的表达习惯, 就要看具体的句子结构了

2) 汉译英的情况我们来看汉语的一些句子如何翻译成定语从句。例如:

对于学生们而言, 没有任何地方比图书馆更好了, 在那里所有的图书都任由他们使用。

对于这个句子, 在确定了它的主谓结构之后, 我们可以把最后一个小分句, 翻译成定语从句。这个句子可以这样来翻译:

For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.

“在那里所有的图书都任由他们使用”, 这个小分句我们翻译成了where引导的一个定语从句, 使得句子结构清晰, 主次分明, 容易理解。

我们不妨顺便来看看四级真题中出现的翻译题的例子。2008年12月份:

Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ (他们至今还没有答案) .

本题problems之后应使用定语从句, 引导词用which, 介词to提前。可以这样来翻译:to which they had not found solutions so far。

2009年12月份:

The more exercise you take, ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ (你越不大可能感冒) .

本题除了考察the more…, the less…结构, 还考察了定语从句。可以这样来翻译:the less possibility (that) you will catch a cold。

2010年12月份:

They request that＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ (我借的书还回图书馆) by next Friday.

本题考察了request的用法, 其后需要跟虚拟语气, 除此之外, 还考察了定语从句。可以这样来翻译:I (should) return the book (that) I borrowed to the library。

教师们可以在讲解课文的时候, 反复训练学生们分析定语从句, 翻译定语从句的能力, 帮助他们更好地理解句子。学生们更应该在课上和课下多加练习, 真正掌握定语从句这一语法。

6. 如何写出定语从句

我们教给了学生如何去辨别, 如何翻译定语从句, 光有这些还是不够的。还要教给学生如何去写出定语从句。要让他们做到学以致用。

现在, 学生们的整体写作水平还是很有限的。大部分人, 只会写一般的简单句, 写作部分的成绩当然无法提高。要想写出高分句子, 就必须学会写长句, 难句。而定语从句是构成长难句的一个关键因素。学会写长难句, 可以先从写定语从句开始。我相信, 学生们掌握了定语从句的构成, 知道如何去界定定语从句, 知道了如何翻译定语从句, 那么, 写定语从句也就没有那么难了。教师们可以在英语课堂上不定期的让学生们自己写一两个含有定语从句的句子。平时写的多了, 考试的时候自然就会写了。

下边, 我们来看看我的学生们写的简单的定语从句:

I still remember the first time I met her.

I can’t forget the boy who gave so much beautiful memory.

This is the book my mother bought me as my birthday present.

这些句子虽然简单, 但毕竟也算是定语从句, 学习是一个循序渐进的过程, 我们没必要期待学生们一开始就写出多么长, 多么难的句子。只要开始注意去写定语从句, 慢慢地养成这个习惯, 以后在写作中出现定语从句的机会自然会越来越多。

7. 总结

通过以上的简单分析, 我们不难看出, 定语从句的分析、翻译、写作是一脉相承的。所以, 在课堂上, 在分析课文的时候, 我们可以先让学生们自己找出定语从句, 自己去翻译。顺便, 在让他们自己去练习写定语从句。经过一段时间的积累, 在学生们的写作中出现定语从句, 应该就不是一件难事了。定语从句学透彻了, 句子理解了, 阅读理解的分数就提高了;会翻译定语从句了, 翻译题分数自然就会提高;会写定语从句了, 写作分数自然就提高了, 那么四六级的整体分数也就提高了。当然, 学生的英语水平也就提高了。作为老师, 还有什么比学生的学习进步更能让我们有成就感的呢?

参考文献

[1]张培基, 俞云根, 1980, 《英汉翻译教程》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.

[2]靳梅琳, 英汉翻译概要[M].天津:南开大学出版社, 1995.

[3]段满福, 从英汉语句子结构的差异看英语定语从句的翻译[J].大学英语学术版, 2006

[4]许建平, 英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2002

定语从句要点谈 第7篇

定语从句, 即形容词性质的从句, 用来修饰一个句子当中的主语、宾语。定语从句必备的三要素分别为先行词、关系代词以及关系副词。先行词为定语从句所修饰的名词;关系代词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语;关系副词替代先行词在定语从句中作状语。

总之, 先行词可以在定语从句中作主语、宾语或状语。若定语从句中缺主语、宾语则用关系代词替代它;若主语和宾语都齐全则就用关系副词替代先行词。

二、定语从句的类型

定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。简单地说, 这二者的区别就是非限定性定语从句的先行词和其定语从句之间用逗号隔开。

三、定语从句的关系代词和关系副词

限定性定语从句的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等。that代替人或物, 在从句中作主语或宾语;which代替物, 在从句中作主语或宾语;who只能代替人, 在从句中作主语;whom只能代替人, 在从句中作宾语。这四个关系代词单独在从句中作主语或宾语。whose代替人或物, 它加上不带冠词的名词在从句中作主语, 它表示从句的主语和先行词为附属关系。例如, The house whose windowsare shutism y uncle's.若从句的主语部分出现了冠词, 再表示主语和先行词的附属关系就用ofwhich。例如, The house ofwhich the window facesto south ism y uncle's.

限定性定语从句的关系副词有why、where、when, 它们都等于介词+which, 其中why等于for+which, 且它有唯一的先行词reason;当先行词point、situation、case、stage等在从句中作状语时用关系副词where替代。例如, H e&apos;sgothim selfinto a dangerous situation where he islikely to lose controloverthe plane.当先行词occasion、period在从句中作状语时用关系副词when替代。

非限定性定语从句的关系代词为which、who、whom、whose, 其用法与限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法一致。非限定性定语从句的关系副词与限定性定语从句的关系副词相同。值得一提的是which在非限定性定语从句中既可以替代先行词又可以替代整个主句。

四、关系代词that

1. 非限定性定语从句中不能用that作关系代词。

2. 介词不能和关系代词that一起使用。

3. 限定性定语从句中只能用that不能用which的情况 (经常考的几种情况) 包括:

(1) 当先行词为不定代词all、little、everything、nothing、none等词时。例如, That&apos;severything thatisneeded.

(2) 当先行词是形容词最高级或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。例如, Thisisthe bestplace thatIhave everseen.

(3) 当先行词既有人又有物时。例如, The students and the schoolthatwe visited are good.

五、定语从句应注意的几个问题

1.“介词+关系代词”既能引导限定性定语从句又能引导非限定性定语从句。

当先行词指物的名词时, 关系代词用which;当先行词是指人的名词时, 关系代词用whom;此时介词要根据先行词或从句的谓语动词或从句的形容词来确定。例如, Istill rem em berthe day on which Ifirstcam e to Beijing. (有纪念意义的一天或具体的一天用介词on)

2. way (方式, 方法) 作先行词时其后的定语从句用that、in which引导, 也可以将这两者都省略。

例如, Idon’tlike the way (that/in which) he treatsyou.

3. 定语从句的谓语要和先行词保持一致

(1) one of+复数名词+关系代词+谓语复数。例如, She isone ofthe teenagerswho like swim m ing.

定语从句的用法 第8篇

在复合句中, 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词, 定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词, 常见的关系代词包括that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 等, 关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用, 同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系, 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词, 主句与从句不用逗号分开, 从句不可省去, 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开, 起补充说明作用, 如省去, 意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1. that既可以用于指人, 也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语, 作主语时不可省略, 作宾语可省略。例如:

The people who/that sold the computer to you should repair it.卖给你电脑的人应该修理它。 (that作主语)

The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 (that作宾语)

2. which用于指物, 在句中作主语或宾语, 作主语不可省略, 作宾语可省略。例如:

Thomas Edison invented the light bulb which brings light to nearly every home in the world.爱因斯坦发明的电灯泡把灯光带进了世界上几乎每个家庭。 (作主语)

The subjects which Einstein studied were maths and physics.爱因斯坦所学的科目是数学和物理。 (作宾语)

需注意的地方:

(1) 当定语从句中含有介词, 介词放在句末时, who, that, which可省略, 但介词在关系代词前时, 只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中, 介词不可前置, 只能放在原来的位置上。例如:

This is the person whom I am worrying about.这就我所担心的那个人。

(3) that作介词的宾语时, 介词不能放它的前面, 只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:

The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

(4) 关系词只能用that的情况。

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰, 或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时, 只能用that, 而不用which。例如:

The first film that Bruce acted in was made in 1946.布鲁斯第一部参与拍摄的电影是在1946年。

It is the most important task that should be finished soon.很快要完成的是最重要的任务。

b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one, something, nothing等不定代词时, 只能用that, 而不用which。例如:

He told me everything that he had done.他告诉我他所做的一切事情。

All that he wants is a room and some food.所有他所想要的是一间房和一些食物。

c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时, 只能用that, 而不用which。例如:

Game of Death was the last film that Bruce acted in.布鲁斯拍摄的最后一部电影是《死亡游戏》。

The only thing that you can do is to help me.你能做的唯一的事是帮助我。

d.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句, 为避免重复, 只能用that。例如:

Who is the man that is standing near the door?站在门附近的那个男人是谁?

(5) 关系词只能用which, 而不用that的情况。

a.先行词为that, those时, 用which, 而不用that。例如:

What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

b.关系代词前有介词时, 一般用which, 而不用that。例如:

This is the room in which Luxun lived.这是鲁迅居住的房间。

五、关系副词的用法

(1) when指时间, 其先行词表示时间, 在句中作时间状语。例如:

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

(2) where指地点, 其先行词表示地点, 在句中作地点状语。例如:

After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child。在巴黎居住了五十年之后, 他返回到了他孩子时成长的那个小镇。

(3) why指原因, 其先行词是原因, 起原因状语作用。例如:

定语从句的省略 第9篇

定语从句的省略, 前提条件是引导词必须在定语从句中作主语。省略方法有以下两种。

1.如果定语从句的谓语动词是系动词be的某种形式时, 直接将引导词和系动词be省略

例如原句:Themanwho/thatisinacar (定语从句) ismyfather.

车里的那个人是我父亲。

省略后为:Themaninacar (定语从句已省略, 此时介词短语作后置定语) ismyfather.

例如原句:Thisisahousewhichissurroundedwithgreentrees. (定语从句)

这是一间绿树环绕的房子。

省略后为:Thisisahousesurroundedwithgreentrees. (定语从句已省略)

2.如果定语从句的谓语动词不是系动词be时, 先将引导词省略, 然后将基本谓语动词变成现在分词或过去分词, 若表主动变成现在分词, 表被动变成过去分词

例如原句:Thehousewhichfacestothesouth (定语从句) isTom’s.

面朝南的房子是汤姆的。

省略后为:Thehousefacingtothesouth (定语从句已省略) isTom’s. (注:房子面朝南是主动, 所以face变为现在分词了)

例如原句:AtthattimethosewhoruledEngland (定语从句) wereFrench.

当时统治英国的那些人是法国人。

省略后为:AtthattimethoserulingEngland (定语从句已省略) wereFrench. (注:人统治英国为主动, 所以ruled变为ruling)

例如原句:Iwentintotheroomwhichwascrowdedwithchildren. (定语从句)

我走进了挤满小孩的房间。

省略后为:Iwentintotheroomcrowdedwithchildren. (定语从句已省略) (注:房间里被挤满了小孩, 所以基本谓语动词crowded仍变为crowded.此方法也等同于省略方法1) 。

以上用法同样适用于作后置定语并且表被动的三种情况:done (已经被……) /beingdone (正在被……) /tobedone (要被……) 。

例如原句: (1) Thetreeswhichhavebeencutdownbythevillagers (定语从句) havebeencarriedtoShanghai.

村民砍下来的树木已经被运往了上海。

省略后为:Thetreescutdownbythevillagers (定语从句已省略) havebeencarriedtoShanghai.

例如原句:Thebridgewhichisbeingbuiltnow (定语从句) willbecompletednextmonth.

正在修建的桥下个月将要完工。

省略后为:Thebridgebeingbuiltnow (定语从句已省略) willbecompletednextmonth.

例如原句:ThesportsmeetingwhichistobeheldnextFriday (定语从句) hasbeenputoff.

下周星期五要举行的运动会已经被推迟了。