《杀死一只知更鸟》（精选5篇）

《杀死一只知更鸟》 第1篇

A major trend in the 1960s, structuralism is an approach to lit erary analysis grounded in structural linguistics and the science o language, and its historical roots can be traced to the linguistic writ ings and theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss professor in the late 19th and early 20th century.His scientific investigation in to language and language for the study of language provides the ba sis for structuralism’s unique approach to literary analysis.Sau ssure pointed out that binary oppositions are presented in linguistic structural models, such as langue and parole, diachronic and syn chronic, absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness, signified and signifier, and other dichotomies.

Later, in the 1950s and 1960s, anthropologist Claude LeviStrauss was one of the first scholars/researchers to apply Sau ssure’s principles of linguistics to narrative discourse.Research ing and writing in response to Levi-Strauss was his contemporary the eminent French structuralist Roland Barthes.In his book S/Z Barthes notices minimal pairs that function in a relationship of bi nary opposition to endow the text with meaning.According to Barthes, the structuralist can decode the text, thereby explaining its meaning, by finding the binary oppositions within the text and showing how these oppositions are interrelated.

Because oppositional structures greatly determine how the reader interpret the text, the present paper applies the binary oppo sition principle to interpret the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, .semi-autobiographical work by the American female writer Harpe Lee.The unforgettable novel of a childhood in a sleepy Southern town and the crisis of conscience that rocked it, To Kill a Mocking bird became both an instant bestseller and a critical success when it was first published in 1960.It went on to win the Pulitzer Priz in 1961 and was later made into an Academy Award-winning film now also a classic.From the point of view of the protagonist Scout a six-year old child, the novel recalls the injustice of a southern town, Maycomb, in the 1930s.From six to nine years old, the pro tagonist Scout experienced many things in the town, good and bad kind and evil, among which the lawsuit about a kind and hones Black man, Tom Robinson, slandered by the white father and daughter and finally suffering a tragic death.The novel reflects th prejudice towards Black people at that time in America.Compas sionate, dramatic, and deeply moving, To Kill a Mockingbird take reader to the roots of human behavior—to innocence and experi ence, kindness and cruelty, love and hatred, humor and pathos.

2 The Analysis of Binary Oppositions

2.1 Prejudice versus Acceptance

In To kill a Mocking Bird, Aunt Alexandra is a typical repre sentative who follows the tradition of the noble White class with prejudice against Black people in the American South of the US by contrast, Scout represents a more modern or anti-traditional per son.Their attitudes to the maidservant Calpurnia, a Black woman constitute a sharp binary opposition.

As a relic of the old South, Aunt Alexandra strongly believe in the racial hierarchy and considers the Black people to be slaves even after the Civil War.Her attitude towards Calpurnia illustrates her belief:“PUT MY BAG in the front bedroom, Calpurnia, ”was the first thing Aunt Alexandra said when she first appears in the house of Atticus to stay with them“for a while” (Lee 1982:169) .Using the command tone, she draws a clear demarcation line between herself and the Black maidservant, in order to show her nobility and superiority.Besides, she always orders Calpurnia to do numerous things to show her mastership.She warns the family to be cautious of talking in front of Calpurnia, because she is a Black woman.She even tells Atticus that“You’ve got to face it sooner or later and it might as well be tonight.We don’t need her now” (Lee 1982:182) .She blames Cal for the so-called wrong behavior of the two children, so she wants her to go, but in vain.All the actions and beliefs of Aunt Alexandra are the legacy of the old tradition of prejudice, of which she is a firm defender.

Scout, however, represents a sharp contrast to Aunt Alexandra as a supporter of anti-tradition and social acceptance.Although very young, she is not influenced by older people who follow the racism against Black people.Losing her mother at the age of two, Scout has Calpurnia’s company and has“felt her tyrannical presence as long as”she could remember (Lee 1982:7) .In Scout’s eyes, “Calpurnia was something else again.She was all angles and bones;she was nearsighted;she squinted;her hand was wide as a bed slat and twice as hard.She was ordering me out of the kitchen, asking me why I couldn’t behave as well as Jem when she knew he was older, and calling me home when I wasn’t ready to come.Our battles were epic and one-sided.Calpurnia always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side” (Lee 1982:7) .Scout can describe Calpurnia vividly because she is familiar with her.She never sees Calpurnia as an inferior person because she is a Black woman from whom she would never keep a distance;instead, Scout respects Calpurnia, treating her as an important family member, even as the role of mother, to some extent.This can be proved by Atticus’s words when Aunt Alexandra wants to let Calpurnia go out of the family, who says that“I don’t think the children’ve suffered on bit from her having brought them up....she’s never let them get away with anything, she’s never indulged them the way most colored nurses do.She tried to bring them up according to her lights, and Cal’s lights are pretty good, and another thing, the children love her” (Lee 1982:183)

The binary opposition of Aunt Alexandra’s and Scout’s different attitudes towards the black woman Calpurnia shows the kindness and innocence of Scout and prejudice and antipathy of Aunt Alexandra.We have seen a lovely girl who is not contaminated by the prejudice of other people and who discovered the beauty of human nature.

2.2 Justice versus Evil

Apart from the conflict between prejudice and acceptance, there is also a tension between justice and evil, with Atticus, the righteous White lawyer, the reclusive Boo Radley and other White men of the town as the symbols of justice and evil respectively.

Boo Radley, locked in the room by his father, from the beginning of the novel, always fascinates curious children.There is a rumor in the town that he is bad and evil.However, although seldom coming out, he is the embodiment of kindness and justice and focuses the outside world in his own special way.When Scout rolls into the Radley front yard, she“had heard another sound...Someone inside the house was laughing” (Lee 1982:54) .When Miss Maudie’s house is on fire, Scout and Jem stand in front of the Radleys watching people fighting the fire and then go home finding herself clutching a brown woolen blanket she is wearing around her shoulders, squaw-fashion, but does not know who put it there.We readers, however, can discern that it is Boo, who does not help to fight the fire but helps his neighbors in his own way.Also, he sews pants for Jem and places presents in the hole of the tree to the children.Moreover, at the night when Bob Ewell tries to ambush Scout and Jem, Boo saves the children courageously.Until now, he is not a bad or evil man as the rumor goes, but rather a kind and righteous person.

Besides Boo Radley, Atticus is also a person full of the sense of justice.Regardless of the prejudice and ugly talk from other people in the town, he is going to defend Tom Robinson resolutely and determinedly.When her daughter asks him why he did it, he says that“The main one is, if I didn’t I couldn’t hold up my head in town, I couldn’t represent the county in legislature, I couldn’t even tell you or Jem not to do something again” (Lee 1982:100) .As a lawyer, he only remembers justice and evil instead of blackness or whiteness and he chooses to do the right thing at any cost.Even when he receives vicious remarks, indeed harm from other people of the town, he follows his own heart firmly and does not give up.

Along with the justice of Radley and Atticus, the evil of some White people in the town is an inseparable“friend”which cannot be ignored.After Atticus defends Tom Robinson, the evil of words or even actions towards Atticus even his children begins to emerge.Whenever Scout and Jem pass by Mrs.Dubose’s, “we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up.., ”Scout reflects (Lee 1982:134) .When Mrs.Dubose realizes that Atticus defends a“nigger, ”her harsh words were“your father’s no better than the niggers and trash he works for!”goes to the bottom line of the children who becomes“almost accustomed to hearing insults aimed at Atticus” (Lee 1982:135-136) .But this is the first one coming from an adult.The evil of humans blinds her eyes and she cannot see what is right and what is wrong.She even spills the harsh words to two innocent and kind children.

The evil of the White people in town towards Tom Robinson is more astounding.When Tom Robinson is still locked in jail waiting for the trial, a mob of drunken men led by Walter Cunningham come to the jail at night to force Atticus to hand over Tom but in vain, because of Atticus’noncompliance and Scout’s unintentional interference.We all know that their intention is to lynch Tom in the name of so-called dignity and justice, which, actually, is the pretext for their evil.

The evil is most thoroughly embodied by Bob Ewell.Even though he wins the lawsuit, he still bears a grudge against Atticus.He spits at and threatens Atticus and his children.Finally, he ambushes the two children on the way home at night, but dies under his own knife.His actions are not forgivable.

Justice, eventually, overcomes evil.Their binary opposition reveals human nature and suggests that evil cannot defeat justice.

2.3 Black versus White

Although the Civil War had abolished slavery, the status of Black people had not improved.Tom Robinson, a Black man, who“lives in the that little settlement beyond the town dump, ...cleanliving folks” (Lee 1982:100) .In the eyes of Scout, “Tom was a black velvet Negro, not shiny, but soft black velvet.The whites of his eyes shone in his face, and when he spoke we saw flashes of his teeth.If he had been whole, he would have been a fine specimen of a man” (Lee 1982:257) .Kind and honest, he is willing to help others.However, the Ewells represent the opposite:“No economic fluctuations changed their status--people like the Ewells lived a guests of the county in prosperity as well as in the depth of a de pression.No truant officers could keep their numerous offspring in school;no public health officer could free them from congenital de fects, various worms, and the diseases indigenous to filthy sur roundings” (Lee 1982:227) .Even though people of the town know clearly what kinds of person of Tom Robinson and Bob Ewell are Tom is still treated unfairly and becomes the victim of prejudice, al though there is strong evidence proving that Tom is slandered by the White father and daughter Ewell and Mayella.

The members of the jury represent the conflict between Black and White.With the accused Tom as a Black and the accusers a White, the members of the jury who decide the result of the lawsui are all White, which shows that racial discrimination affected the judicial system so that Blacks cannot have the opportunity to be come a member of the jury.Therefore, the result of the lawsuit i expected, which, however, is not the problem of the judicial system but, instead of racial discrimination.As a result, the White Ewell are viewed as much nobler than the kind and hardworking Robin sons.Tom speaks for himself but is buried in racial discrimination and cannot escape the fate of death.

3 Enlightenment from the Author through Binary Op-positions

Binary oppositions are not simply static juxtapositions, but al so conveying important information about the author’s ideals which include abolishing racism.

3.1 The Inherency of Black versus White

The contrast between Black and White is inherent, which can not be eliminated naturally, because both Black and White are de termined by genes.Therefore, the perceived differences between Black and White are permanent, with implications for social status.

3.2 Prejudice versus Acceptance and Justice versus Evil

Unlike Black versus White, prejudice versus acceptance and justice versus evil are not inherent.Though they originate from the former, they also emerge from many other factors.Therefore, they can be defeated through conscious efforts of human beings, which I think, is the author’s most important message.Just like the au thor says in the novel“Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but mak music for us to enjoy.They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts fo us.Why it is a sin to kill a mocking bird” (Lee 1982:119) .The au thor may conclude that if it is a sin to kill an innocent animal when the animal is a completely different species, and if we can live har moniously with mockingbirds, then this is how people should trea each other.That Blacks and Whites, indeed all races, should aban ddoonn pprreejjuuddiiccee aanndd eevviill iiss tthhee mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt mmeessssaaggee ccoonnvveeyyeedd bby the author.

摘要：该文从结构主义的角度来解读哈珀·李的著作《杀死一只知更鸟》。通过分析文本中几组重要的二元对立项, 读者可以探知书中所描绘的20世纪30年代美国南方小镇的社会生活。在矛盾和冲突中, 读者感知主人公的成长历程, 以此来激发人们对社会问题及人性的思考。

关键词：结构主义,二元对立,《杀死一只知更鸟》

参考文献

[1]Barthes, Roland.Annette Lavers[M].S/Z.Trans.New York:Hill and Wang, 1972.

[2]Harper Lee.To Kill a Mockingbird[M].New York:Boston.Grand Central Publishing, 1982

[3]Li Xi-li.A Structuralist’s Look at A Streetcar Named Desire[J].Overseas English, 2014 (3) .

[4]Wang Ying-hui, Racism and Acceptance:a Clash BetweenAunt Alexandra and Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird[J].Jour-nal of Language and Literature, 2011 (8) .

[5]Wang Zhong-ling.Critique and Rethinking of Formalism andStructuralism (Part I) [J].Academic Exchange, 2011 (5) .

[6]Wang Zhong-ling.Critique and Rethinking of Formalism andStructuralism (Part II) [J].Academic Exchange, 2011 (6) .

[7]Yun De-yu.On the Female Protagoist Scot’s Growth in ToKill a Mockingbird[J].Journal of Henan Institute of Scienceand Technology, 2014 (5) .

《杀死一只知更鸟》读书心得 第2篇

故事讲的是杰姆、斯考特与阿帝克斯一家人生活在美国的一个地方。那时镇上流传一个鬼话：在他们的隔壁住着一家怪人。他们的儿子布曾用菜刀捅过他的母亲。这个谣言使村民对那间房子望而生畏。大家都认为不能靠近那间房子，为了玩耍杰姆和斯考特有时会跑去布的家门口，然后再赶快跑出来。有几次杰姆在他家附近的树洞里发现了泥像、怀表、链子等东西，他认为这些是布留下的，他把这些装了起来。

后来阿帝克斯为一个黑人进行辩护，杰姆与斯考特听了这场法庭辩护后，心中大有感想。在与案子有关的一个白人对他父亲不敬时，他父亲的做法使他学到了很多，在回家的路上，杰姆和斯考特被人袭击，在千钧一发之时，布冲出来用刀刺死了坏人。

看完此书，我明白了生命的脆弱与人性的丑恶，以及那些像阿帝克斯一样的人，为平等做出奉献的人，我也明白了不能相信谣言，人之初，性本善，只有用心去接近一个人，你才能真正了解他。也向我们展示了美国社会的种族矛盾，对黑人的不公，最终也启发他的孩子和我们。

杀死一只知更鸟 第3篇

正义就是一种教养

《杀死一只知更鸟》是在20世纪30年代美国大萧条时期，南部地区种族歧视依旧根深蒂固的灰色背景下诞生的。小说主要围绕在作者居住的梅科姆镇所发生的一起冤案展开。汤姆·鲁宾逊是一个善良老实的黑人，受到肮脏无赖的穷白人尤厄尔的指控，指认汤姆是侮辱其女儿马耶拉的凶手。斯库特的父亲阿蒂克斯是位坚守原则的律师，他顶着外界巨大的压力，坚持帮黑人汤姆打官司。凭借阿蒂克斯专业的推理、调查和辩护，汤姆清白的真相逐渐明朗。然而，受先入为主偏见支配的白人不能接受这一现实，仍判汤姆死刑。绝望的汤姆试图越狱逃跑，被白人警卫射击十七枪而亡。这部小说揭露了当时的美国社会存在着盼严重的种族歧视和迫害，探索了黑人的生存意义。作者先后通过小女孩斯库特以及她的哥哥杰姆两个角度进行叙述，描述了三个孩子所经历的关于迷惑与愤怒、关于温情与感动的猝不及防的成长，而作者最终想要告诉读者，无论世界如何变迁，正直、诚实、善良，都是一个人最可贵的品质。

“他这样一个安静、礼貌、谦逊的黑人，纯粹因为鲁莽而去‘可怜了一个白种女人，却不得不用自己的证词去对抗两名白人。不需要我来提醒大家那两位在证人席上的表现，你们自己都看到了。控方的证人们，梅科姆县警长除外，在你们这些先生面前，在整个法庭面前，表现出一种可耻的自信，自信他们的证词不会受到怀疑，自信你们这些先生会和他们秉持同一种假设——邪恶的假设，即所有的黑人都撒谎，所有的黑人都不道德；即所有的黑人男子在我们的女人面前都不规矩，这种假设关联着他们的精神品质。”

“这种假设，先生们，我们都知道，它本身就是黑得像汤姆·鲁滨逊的皮肤一样的谎言，一种我用不着向你们揭穿的谎言。你们都知道真相，真相就是：有些黑人撒謊，有些黑人不道德，有些黑人在女人面前不规矩——不管是黑种女人还是白种女人。但是，这种真相适用于人类所有的种族，而不仅仅是某个特殊的种族。在这法庭里的人，没有人没撒过谎，没有人没做过不道德的事……”

阿蒂克斯停顿了一下，拿出了他的手帕。随后他摘下眼镜擦起来，我们又看见了另一个“第一次”：我们从没见他出过汗——他是那种脸上从不出汗的人，可是现在他脸上油光发亮。

“先生们，在我结束之前，我还有一件事要说。前总统托马斯·杰斐逊曾静说过，‘一切人生来平等，北方佬和华盛顿行政首脑的贤内助最喜欢拿这句话来攻击我们。在今年，也就是1935年，产生了一种倾向，有些人断章取义地用这句话去套各种不同的情况。我能想到的最可笑的例子，是那些管公立教育的人，他们让最愚笨懒惰的学生和勤奋聪明的学会一道升学——因为‘一切人生来平等，教育者们会这样严肃地告诉你，落后的孩子会承受自卑的痛苦和折磨。我们知道，人并不像某些人强迫我们相信的那样生来平等——有些人比别人聪明，有些人生来就比别人占优势，有些男人比别的男人挣钱多，有些女士的蛋糕比别的女士做得好，有些人天生就比大多数人有才华。”

“可是，在这个国家里，有一种方式能够让一切人生来平等——有一种人类社会机构可以让乞丐平等于洛克菲勒，让蠢人平等于爱因斯坦，让无知的人平等于任何大学的校长。这种机构，先生们，就是法庭。它可以是美国联邦最高法庭，可以是最基层的地方治安法庭，也可以是你们现在服务的贵法庭。就像任何社会机构一样，我们的法庭也有它的缺陷，但在这个国家中，我们的法庭是最伟大的平等主义者。在我们的法庭中，一切人都是生来平等的。”

“我不是一个理想主义者，会绝对相信我们法庭和陪审制度的完善与公正—那对我来说不是理想，而是活生生的工作现实。先生们，法庭不会比坐在我面前的陪审团的任何一位成员更完美。法庭只能和它的陪审团一样健全，而陪审团只能和它的每一位成员一样健全。我对你们这些先生充满信心，我相信你们会公正、理性地重新审查所得到的证据，做出一个裁决，放这位被告人回家。以上帝的名义，尽你们的神圣职责吧。”

阿蒂克斯的声音低下去了，他离开陪审团走回来时又说了句什么，我没听清。他好像更多的是在对自己说，而不是对着法庭。我捅了一下杰姆：“他说什么？”

“‘以上帝的名义，相信他吧。我想他说的是这句话。”

《杀死一只知更鸟》 第4篇

关键词：《杀死一只知更鸟》,家庭教育,学校教育,成长

1.引言

1961年获得普利策文学奖的《杀死一只知更鸟》是美国南方女作家哈珀 · 李(Harper Lee)一生唯一的一部长篇小说,多次被美国读者评为20世纪最重要的十部作品之一。 该小说一直稳居美国高中和大学的阅读书目之中,描写20世纪30年代美国南方风土人情和青少年成长的佳作。1991年Book of the Month Club和国会图书馆中心的调查显示 《杀死一只知更鸟》在“最常被引述”的图书榜上仅次于《圣经》。据美联社报道,2007年8月20日,作者哈柏 · 李参加了在蒙特利尔举行的阿拉巴马学院奖仪式,庆祝四个获奖者的产生。《杀死一只知更鸟》于2014年6月出版电子书和有声读物,填补电子图书馆的最大空缺。我国也把这部小说列入了英语专业学生阅读书目。

作为成长小说、教育小说,它长盛不衰的原因不仅因其反抗种族歧视、反对不平等的历史意义,还在于它对于勇气和公正、宽容和良善的弘扬。此外,故事虽然涉及残暴与社会黑暗,整体文风依然温暖而风趣。小说的叙事、描写手法也是英语学习者的一流范本。

2.故事梗概:

《杀死一只知更鸟》讲述了在二十世纪三十年代,大萧条时期美国南部的一个小镇,三个孩子平静的生活被两桩冤案彻底打破。传闻与事实,坚强与软弱,正义与邪恶,忠诚与背叛,他们在痛苦与矛盾中艰难地拨开生活的重重迷雾, 见证了人性的污秽与光辉,理解了真相的残忍与无奈,也感受了人间的温暖与真情。

小说从6岁女孩斯各特 · 芬奇的视角来展开叙述,儿童的观察给整个故事带来真实和诙谐水乳交融的奇妙效果。小说开始时,斯各特是一个纯真儿童,她不得不面对彼时渗透到生活细节的、残酷的种族歧视;小说结束时,她虽然还是个孩子,却拥有了对于人生和社会相当成熟的观察方式。对于青少年读者,认识斯各特是个愉快的过程,很容易接受她的感受、毫无障碍地会和她产生共鸣,仿佛自己在陪着她, 和她一起经历发生在梅冈城的那些惊心动魄的事件,和她一起学习、共同成长。

从社会学角度看,每个人的成长都会受到一些人的影响,丰富着他们的生活经历和对社会、自我的认识。通过论述作品的写作技巧,即儿童叙事视角,凸现作品的成长主题。 美国文学作品惯常采用儿童叙事视角。作品通过儿童独特的语言和思维方式展现他们的思想变化,使得整个成长过程更加自然、流畅、客观、可信,更能引起读者的共鸣。

3.家庭环境对青少年的成长的重要性不同家庭环境的影响

3.1阿迪克斯对斯各特和杰姆的正能量的教育

人们的言行对孩子潜移默化的影响是至关重要的,尤其是父亲对孩子的影响尤为重要。据某科学杂志论述,美国心理学家说,一个人能够取得成就20% 取决于自身后天的努力, 80% 取决于他的父亲。作为孩子生命中“重要的人”同样一句肯定的话如果父亲说出来对孩子的影响力会是母亲的50倍。母亲对孩子的影响是你能不能成为一个独立的人,而父亲则是塑造孩子对生命的看法,关系到人格的形成。

《杀死一直知更鸟》中既给出了好的家庭道德教育模版, 像阿迪克斯对斯各特和杰姆的正能量的教育, 也提供了反面教材,如布 · 拉德力的父亲及哥哥对布的残酷束缚。

斯各特和哥哥杰姆生长在一个充满爱的家庭。他们虽然没有母亲,在成长过程也曾遇到过种种挫折与障碍. 但父亲阿迪克斯及时地给与了他们关爱和指导。斯各特不爱上学, 因为受到了卡罗琳小姐的指责,阿迪克斯教育她要设身处地的为别人着想。虽然她以为传统的教学方法“骗走了”自己的一些东西,但阿迪克斯仍旧让她从中学习有用的东西。另外,阿迪克斯平等的种族观念,在无形中为斯各特和杰姆树立了榜样。作为南方小镇上的一名律师,阿迪克斯的伟大之处不是在于对他的孩子有多么疼爱,或者给孩子创造了多少物质财富,而是他通过自己的正义的行为给孩子言传身教, 在孩子的成长过程中,父亲是一座强大的靠山,当父亲真正从内心成长为一个父亲,并且参与、体验孩子的成长。

汤姆罗宾逊的案件是本小说的主要事件,从中刻画了当时美国社会种族歧视的状况。在这样的背景下,衬托出了阿提克斯的正义和良知,勇气和力量。他向儿子杰姆教授了关于勇气的重要课程。阿提克斯告诉杰姆,勇气就是“当你在一开始就身处逆境,但依然出发,并坚持到底”;这预示了阿提克斯为汤姆 · 鲁滨逊的辩护,那时黑人与白人之间有着不可逾越的鸿沟,穷人和富人之间存在着巨大差异,阿提克斯的格格不入与平等人权未被广泛接受的过去便有了巨大的反差。他活出了自己,没有人云亦云,他有自己的生活准则。按照自己的理解去做人和行事,也用自己认为是正确的东西来教育自己的孩子。言传身教,一个伟大的单身父亲的形象赫然挺立。做自己认为是对的,不会因为害怕受到别人的嘲讽和打击而放弃自己的做人准则。生活中总是会有一些邪恶的人和事,在他们面前,是敢于坚持自己,还是妥协随大流和稀泥呢?这是个问题。随大流和稀泥的人,可能不会受到打击,但也不会赢得尊重。人生在世,没有必要看别人的脸色,学会察言观色当然应该,但不应该总是一味地巴结逢迎,应该有自己的独立人格和价值取向。

3.2布 · 拉德力的父亲及哥哥对他的残酷幽闭

除了阿提克斯外,小说中的许多父亲被形容为施虐者。 如拉德力先生将他的儿子锁在屋内,直到他被人遗忘。拉德力夫人对布被残酷的幽闭保持沉默。拉德力先生的身上体现了一种男性形象,布在专制家庭的控制下受苦,他的生活圈子极小。布在院子边树上的洞里放了小玩意,借此和斯各特、 杰姆保持朋友关系。但是,他的哥哥内森竟把树洞堵死了, 残忍地切断了他们联系的重要途径。由于根本无法和社会交流,所以布的成长实际上处于停止状态。在第二十九章中, 布出现在大家面前――苍白、瘦弱,脸被拧过,两眼无光! 无疑,布没有出生在一个好的家庭环境中,先是他的父亲, 接着是他的哥哥,他们共同毁灭了无辜的布。从社会化的角度看,他的成长是不成功的。

4.学校教育在青少年成长中所扮演的角色

在《杀死一只知更鸟》中,我们看到了家庭教育的成功, 但是也看到了学校教育的欠缺之处。家庭教育是人生的第一所学校,学校的教育也一直是不可或缺的一部分。所以学校当局应该有自己的教育理念和精神,把学校建成学生和老师和谐幸福的家园,为学生打下亮丽的精神世界的基础。然而并不是所有的学校就是这样子的。文章中体现了卡罗琳小姐不切实际的教育方法, 她本该从学生实际出发,引导孩子自主的学习,却处处压抑孩子的创造个性。通过父亲阿迪克斯对孩子的教育,斯格特殷切地盼望着上学年龄的到来,但是上学之后,她发现卡罗林小姐对待孩子们很苛刻。首先卡罗琳小姐对学生很冷漠,缺乏亲和力。这对学生所树立的榜样极有可能误导学生形成对他人冷漠,无情的心态当中,对青少年形成健全的道德品质起到一定的阻碍作用。其次,卡罗林小姐无法接受斯格特学会读书写字这一事实,她严格的坚持从前人那里学来的所谓的方法,而不从课堂实践经验中学习,并对教学做相应的改变。她也没有从孩子的角度来考虑, 根据孩子的要求做出反应,而只是简单的试图把外来的教育体制生搬硬套在学生身上。卡罗林小姐不仅代表的是一位老师,而她是整个同时期的老师的缩影。她除了运用教条的教学方法外,对学生不具有爱心和同情心。一个名叫沃尔特·坎宁安男孩子没带午饭,卡罗林小姐主动借给他25美分买了一份午饭,并要他第二天把钱还给她。沃尔特家境贫寒,孩子又多,穷的连需要的律师帮助时,他父亲也只能用核桃, 萝卜或其他的实物支付阿迪克斯的律师费。沃尔特绝还不起老师的钱,当斯格特试图向老师说明情况时,还被老师用尺子打了斯哥特的手。在此,孩子的善良又与老师的自私形成的明显的对比。

5.社会上的女性角色也影响了斯各特的成长

斯各特体会到作为女性而言的意义。书中几位女性角色也影响了她的成长。斯各特在性别上与他父亲和长兄的不同使得她可以通过女性的观点和深度来看待问题。斯各特主要的女性榜样是卡布尼亚和她的邻居莫德小姐,两者都是意志坚强、个性独立、保护他人。梅薏拉 · 尤厄尔也对她产生了影响;斯各特目睹她通过迫害无辜者来掩饰自己对他的占有欲。在女性角色中,批评斯各特不守妇道的人物,也是最支持种族歧视也阶级观点的。例如:杜波斯夫人因斯各特的着装而对其进行惩罚,指责她败家。通过加入卡布尼亚与莫德小姐的女性元素来平衡阿提克斯与杰姆的男性影响,一位学者写道:“李逐渐展示了斯各特是位南方女性主义者,通过使用第一人称叙述,她显示斯各特/ 简 · 路易斯在儿时对成长为南方妇女的困惑。”

6.结语

成长总是个让人烦恼的命题。成长有时会很缓慢,如小溪般唱着叮咚的歌曲趟过,有时却如此突如其来,如暴雨般劈头盖脸。三个孩子因为小镇上的几桩冤案经历了猝不及防的成长——痛苦与迷惑,悲伤与愤怒,也有温情与感动。这是爱与真知的成长经典。

每个人的成长都会受到一些人的影响,丰富着他们的生活经历和对社会、自我的认识。青少年的成长需要健康的家庭和学校环境。面对各种复杂的社会矛盾,家长,与学校需要密切配合,互补不足,为青少年儿童的道德成长营造良好的道德环境。作者表达了对新世界的向往和期待,总有一天, 在新一代年轻人的努力下,人类将迎来一个崭新的、公平、 公正、平等的世界。

杀死一只知更鸟读书笔记 第5篇

我也喜欢书中杰姆和斯库特的内心成长，他们在阿迪克斯、卡波妮、莫迪小姐的教导和影响下，渐渐建立起对周遭事物的看法，内心强大而温暖。看书过程中不止一次，我为这些人物的言行鼓掌，为他们坚持的公平、正义而感动。

一开始，我跟随斯库特的眼睛，对怪人既好奇又害怕，后来怪人阿瑟冲出来救了他们，我也对阿瑟充满了深深的感激。最后斯库特像挽着一位绅士一样挽着阿瑟，把他护送回家，书中说“我从此再也没有见过他”，我的眼泪唰地就下来了。知更鸟在书中代表着什么呢，可以是汤姆，可以是阿瑟，也可以是镇上每一个人还有良知的那个部分，杀死这样的善良，就是一种罪恶。所以阿迪克斯拼命地去为汤姆辩护，去打这一场明知道不会赢的官司，就像莫迪小姐说的那样，“只要我们往前走了一小步，那么事情就是不一样了!”

所以，不要再伤害无辜的人，要消除偏见和歧视，保护每个人心中的良善，并使它们发展壮大到，这个过程会很漫长，但只要还有人在努力，甚至不惜代价全力以赴为，那么总有一天光明最终会到来。