专四写作notewriting范文第1篇

四、专八英语作文的几种有效开篇段写法

漂亮的开篇是获取作文的高质量，同时也是高分数的重要部分，为了帮助同学们掌握有效的开篇手法，我在此重点介绍6种常见的、也是有效的作文开篇方法。希望同学们学以致用，至少每周开篇方法要练习使用3-4次，形成较深刻印象。对于自己特别喜欢的开篇方法要重点练习使用，直到熟练掌握。

1.使用数字

数字能够使人感到我们不是在空谈，能给人一种真实地感受。人们通常喜欢用数字说明问题，也容易受数字影响。所以我们可以使用数字来吸引人们的注意力。

Every day millions of job-hunters in the world write letters of applications, wishing that they would be given a chance of interview. 2.用问题

在文章开始我们可以向读者提出问题，让读者跟着我们一起思考。但是要注意的是，我们提的问题不能简单，也不能太多，一般绝对不可以超过两个。通常情况下，我们的问题都会是设问句，答案就是文章的话题。

Now in our society what do you have to do if you want to find a job? What lies between you and an ideal job? (That is interview.)或者

Do you know any university graduate who does not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for a university graduate to succeed in the modern society? 3.用引语

我们可以引用名人名言或者某一领域里的专家的话。这种引言既可以是与我们的中心思想相一致的，也可以是有争议的，这样都可以达到吸引读者的目的。比如：“Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from satisfactory performance in interviews,” commented Dr. Kenly in his book. 或者According to traditional Chinese thoughts, a talent must be excellent at ability and morality.

4.直奔主题式或开门见山式(Direct opening) 引言段可以直接表明文章的主题。 以2005年题目为例，“Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result，there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view.”比如我们可以这样开始： Nowadays interview is becoming more and more important in recruitment或者 In the modern society，almost all university students look forward to success in employment.

这是最简单的方法，但是这种单刀直入的方法容易显得过于唐突，读者心理上不易接受。另外，它还可能会使人觉得文章内容单薄，给人以作者思想贫乏之感。所以我们并不推荐这种方法。 5.收网式(Narrowingdown)

这种方法通常由一个宽泛的、读者非常认同的事实开始，然后逐步把读者的注意力引向文章要讨论的话题。前面的开头相当于一个铺垫，给读者一种自然而然的感觉，比如2005年的题目，我们还可以说：

With the development of market economy in China，more and more companies have come into being.When they need to take up more people，employers usually select through interviews.Similarly，when people need to find a job，they also need to perform well in interviews.Therefore，interview is becoming increasingly important in the modern society. 而对于2002年的题目，“All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society，we university students have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aims.What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university student?” 我们可以说：One feature of the modern society is the more respect given to individual values. When fighting for personal values and success，students need to catch good opportunities，but they also need to possess some essential personal qualities.

使用这种方法的关键是我们的网要撒得很开，但是收网时既不要太快，又不能过慢。如果在开始那个宽泛的话题上停留过久，就可能会使文章有跑题的危险。我们建议大家最多用三句话，就把网收起来。 6.驳论式(Refutation)

这种方法是先说出一种与本文观点相反但读者可能会同意的观点，然后话锋一转，指出这一观点是错误，并亮出自己的观点。如果我们用这种方法写2005年的题目，就可能是这样：

Many of us may agree that China is a society relying heavily on guanxi, or relationship. We may all have the experience of having to resort to certain relationship in order to get something done, to find a good job, for example. But, with the development of market economy, recruitment is conducted more and more on the basis of interview rather than on various personal connections. 而2002年的题目，可以是这样：

As the modern society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values，it provides more opportunities for students to seek success. However，the fact is that not everyone can succeed.Success calls for certain opportunities，but more importantly，it calls for many personal qualities.

在这种方式的开头中，转折词but或者however可以在很短的时间内就在读者脑海中造成一次撞击和冲突，所以比较能引起读者的关注。而如果我们能在阅卷老师业已疲惫不堪的脑海中形成这样一次撞击，就有可能给他们留下良好的第一印象。

当然，有些写作课可能还会介绍其他的开头方式，如讲故事(anecdote)等，但是对于考试来说，我们认为以上6种是最简洁、最高效的。

另外还要指出，有些同学可能认为直接引用题目中提示部分的内容是一个保证不跑题的方法，比如下面这个例子就是这样：

Nowadays interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees.As a result，there have been many arguments for or against it as a selection procedure.Some people regard it as a good way to select employees within a short time while others think it is not proper to decide oil a person just by interview.But, all of them have some truth.

专四写作notewriting范文第2篇

catch one’s eye 引人注目

catch sight of 看到,发现

come into effect 生效;实施

come into operation 施行,实行,生效

come to one’s senses 醒悟;苏醒

come true 实现

could not help 禁不住,忍不住

cut short 中断,打断

do one’s best 尽力,努力

enjoy oneself 过得快活

fall in love with 爱 上

find fault(with) 找岔

gain an advantage over 胜过,优于

get hold of 得到,获得

get rid of 丢弃,摆脱,

get the best of 战胜

get the better of 战胜,占上风

get together 会面,装配

give rise to 引起,导致

give way 让路,让步

go ahead 开始,进行

go into effect 施行,实行,生效

go into operation 生效,实施

go wrong 出错,出故障

had better 应该

had rather 宁愿

had ratherthan 宁愿而不愿

have an advantage over 胜过,优于

have in mind 想到;记得;打算

have nothing to do with 和毫无关系

have(something/much/little)to do with 和(有些/有很大/没有什么)关系

help oneself 自用,自取

keep an eye on 留意,照看

keep in mind 记住

keep one’s head 保持镇静

keep one’s word 守信用

keep pace(with) (与)齐步前进

lead the way 引路,带路

learn by heart 记住,背诵

leave alone 不打扰,不干预

let alone 更别提,不打扰

let go (of) 放,松手

lose heart 失去勇气,丧失信心

lose one’s head 慌乱,仓皇失措

lose one’s temper 发脾气,发努

lose sight of 忘记,忽略;看不见

make a /the difference 有影响,起作用

make friends 交朋友

make fun of 取笑,嘲弄

make one’s way 去,前往

make sense 讲得通,言之有理

专四常见短语2 make sure 查明;务必

make the best of 充分利用

make the most of 充分利用

make up one’s mind 下决心,打定主意

make use of 使用,利用

make way 让路,让出地方

may as well 还不如,不妨

never mind 不要紧;不用担心

pay attention to 注意

piece together 拼合

play a part(in) 起作用,参于

put into effect 实施;使生效

put into operation 实施;使生效

put into practice 实施;实行

put to use

使用

see to it that 注意,务必,保证

see that 注意,务必,保证

set fire to 使燃烧,点燃

takefor 把认为是

take a chance 冒险,投机

take(a)delight in 以为乐

take advantage of 利用,趁之机

take care 当心,注意

take care of 照顾,照料

take charge 管理,接管

take effect 生效,起作用

take into account 考虑

take for granted 认为理所当然

take one’s time 不着急,不着慌

take pains 努力,尽力,下苦功

take part (in) 参加,参于

take place 发生,进行,举行

take the place of 代替,取代

take turns 依次,轮流

throw light on 阐明,使了解

think better of 经考虑改变对的看法

try one’s best 尽力,努力

2. 形容词同介词的搭配

absent from 不在,缺席

abundant in 富于

alien to 与相反

angry with sb at/about sth 生气,愤怒

anxious about/for 忧虑,担心

appropriate for/to 适当,合适

applicable to 适用于

apt at 聪明,善于

apt to 易于

ashamed of 羞愧,害臊

approximate to 近拟,接近

aware of 意识到

available to sb for sth 可用,可供

bare of 几乎没有,缺乏

bound for 开往

capable of 能够

careful of/about/with; 小心,注意

certain of /about 确信,肯定

about/in doing characteristic of 特有,独特

clear of 没有,不接触

clever at 善于

close to 接近,亲近

comparable to/with 可比较

conscious of 察觉到,意识到

consequent on 随之而来

considerate towards 体谅,体贴

contemporary with 与同时代

content with 满足于

contrary to 违反

counter to 与相反

crazy about 热衷,着迷

critical of 挑剔,批评

curious about 好奇,想知道

distinct from 种类(风格)不同

doubtful of /about 怀疑

east of 在东面

equal to 相等,胜任

equivalent to 等于,相当于

essential to/for 必不可少

expert at/in/on 善于

faithful to 忠实于

familiar to sb 为所熟悉

familiar with sth 熟悉,通晓

fatal to 致命的

favourable to 支持,赞成

favourable for 有帮助的

fearful of 惧怕

fit for 适于

foreign to 非所原有

fond of 喜欢

free of /from 未受;免费

free with 康慨,大方

guilty of 有罪的

hungry for 渴望

ignorant of 不知道

impatient at sth. 不耐烦

impatient of 无法容忍

with sb independent of 不受支配

impatient for 急切,渴望

专四常见短语3

indifferent to 无兴趣,不关心

indignant with sb. 愤慨

inferior to 级别低于,不如

sb/about sth innocent of 无罪,无辜

intent on 专心于

invisible to 不可见的

jealous of 嫉妒

keep on 爱好,很喜欢

liable for 对有责任

liable to 易 于

access to 的入口,通路

acquaintance with 相识,了解

action on sth 对的作用

addition to sth 增加

admission to /into 进入,入(场,学,会)

admission of sth 承认

advance in 改进,进步

advantage over 优于的有利条件

affection for/towards 爱,喜欢

answer to 的答案

loyal to 忠于

mad at/with sb. 生气,愤怒

mad with 因发狂

next to 下一个,其次

necessary to /for 必要的

opposite to 在对面

open to 不限制,开放的

particular about 挑剔,讲究

parallel to 与平等,类似

peculiar to 独特的,独有的

patient with 有耐心

prior to 在之前

popular with 受喜爱,爱戴

representative of 代表的

relative to 与有关

rich in 富于

responsible for 负责,是原因

sensitive to 对敏感

sensible of 觉查到

sick of 厌恶,厌倦

short of 缺少

skilled at /in 善于

similar to 相似

sufficient for 足够的

subject to 受制于,易于

superior to 优于,级别高于

suitable for/to 适合于

suspicious of 怀疑

sure of /about 对有信心,确信

typical of 是典型的,特有的

tired of 对不在感兴趣

votal to 对关系重大

uncertain of /about 不确知

mad about/on 狂热迷恋

void of 没有,缺乏

3. 名词同介词的搭配

absence from 缺席,不在

absence of 缺乏

anxiety for sth 渴望

apology to sb for sth 道歉 appeal to sb for sth 恳求,呼吁 appeal for 魅力,吸引力 appetite for 对的欲望 application 把应用于 approach to 类似,办法,通道

of sth/to sth argument 赞成/反对的理由arrangement for 对的安排

for /against attack on 对的进攻,评击 attempt at 尝试,企图 attention to 对的注意 attraction for 对的吸引力 balance between 之间的平衡 barrier to 的障碍 belief in 对的信仰,相信 candidate for 候选人,人选 check on 检查,阻止 claim for sth 要求

collision with sb/sth 碰撞,冲突 comment on /about 对的评论 between A and B

complaint of /about 报怨,控告 compromise between/on 折中,妥协 concentration on sth 专心,集中精力 concentration of sth 集中,聚集 concern about/for/over 担心 confidence in 对的信任,相信 connection between; 关系,连接 consent to sth 同意

with/to sth contact with sb/sth 接触,联系 contest for sth 争夺,竞争

contradiction between 矛盾,不一致

contrast to/with sth 对比,对照

contribution to 贡献,捐献,促成

between A and B conversation with sb 对话

conversion 转变,转换 about sth

of sth into sth credit for sth 荣誉,赞扬

damage to sth 损坏

danger to sb/sth 危险

decision on/against 做/不做的决定

candidate for 候选人,人选

check on 检查,阻止

claim for sth 要求

collision with sb/sth 碰撞,冲突

comment on /about 对的评论

between A and B

complaint of /about 报怨,控告

compromise between/on 折中,妥协

concentration on sth 专心,集中精力

decrease in sth 的减少

defence against 防御,保卫

delegate to 参加的代表

demand for 对的需求

departure from 离开

desire for sth 渴望

difference 不同,差异

difference 分歧

betweenin

betweenover dispute about争论,辩论

admission of sth 承认

advance in 改进,进步

advantage over 优于的有利条件

affection for/towards 爱,喜欢

answer to 的答案

anxiety for sth 渴望

apology to sb for sth 道歉

appeal to sb for sth 恳求,呼吁

appeal for 魅力,吸引力

appetite for 对的欲望

application 把应用于

approach to 类似,办法,通道 of sth/to sth

argument 赞成/反对的理由

arrangement for 对的安排

for /against attack on 对的进攻,评击

attempt at 尝试,企图

attention to 对的注意

attraction for 对的吸引力

balance between 之间的平衡

barrier to 的障碍

belief in 对的信仰,相信

concentration of sth 集中,聚集 concern about/for/over 担心 confidence in 对的信任,相信 connection between; 关系,连接 consent to sth 同意

with/to sth contact with sb/sth 接触,联系 contest for sth 争夺,竞争

contradiction between 矛盾,不一致 contrast to/with sth 对比,对照 contribution to 贡献,捐献,促成

between A and B conversation with sb 对话 conversion 转变,转换 about sth of sth into sth credit for sth 荣誉,赞扬 damage to sth 损坏 danger to sb/sth 危险

decision on/against 做/不做的决定 decrease in sth 的减少 defence against 防御,保卫 delegate to 参加的代表 demand for 对的需求 departure from 离开 desire for sth 渴望 difference 不同,差异 difference 分歧 betweenin

betweenover dispute about 争论,辩论distinction between 区别 doubt about/as to 怀疑 effect on 对的作用 emphasis on 对的强调,注重 encounter with 遭遇,遇到

enthusiasm about/for 热情

entrance to 的入口,入场

envy of sb 嫉妒

exception to 的例外 of /at sth

exposure to sth 暴露

fancy for sth 喜爱

faith in 对的信任,信仰

glance at 扫视

preference to sth 优先

proposal for sth 准备

prejudice against/ 对的偏见,偏重

preparation for 建议

in favour of

专四常见短语4

protection for sb 保护

gratitude to sb 感激

guess at sth 猜测

for sth hatred for/of 仇恨

hazard to 危险

hunger for 渴望

impact on/ upon 对的撞击,巨大影响

improvement on/in 对的改进,提高

increase in sth 增加,增长

independence from 独立,自主

influence on 对的影响

inquiry about 对的查询

inquiry into 对的调查

interaction with sth 相互作用

inteference in/with 干涉,阻碍

between /among sth

introduction to 引言,介绍,入门

memorial to sth 引进(物)

invitation to 邀请

investment in sth 投资

loyalty to sb/sth 忠诚

memorial to sb/sth 纪念碑

obstacle to sth 纪念碑

objection to sth 反对

opponent of sth 的障碍

opponent at /in sth 对手

patience with 反对者

passion for 对的强烈爱好,热爱

precaution against 耐心

pity for sb/sth 可怜,怜悯

preference for sth 预防,防备

preface to 的前言

preparation for 偏爱

protest against sth 抗议

against sth provision for/against 准备 pull at/on sth 拉,拖 ratio of sth to sth 比率 reaction to 对的反应 reason for 原因,理由 reference to 提及,参考 regard for 对的注意,尊重 remedy for 补救,解决 reply to sb/sth 对的回答 reputation for 名声,名气 request for sth 要求

research on/into 对的研究,调查 resistance to 对的抵抗,阻力 response to 对的回答,反应 responsibility for 责任,负责 restrainst on sb/sth 限制,约束 search for 对的搜寻 service to 服务,贡献

similarity between 的相似之处 skill at 技巧,熟练

solution to 的解决办法 sorrow at/for/over 悲哀,悲痛 stress on 对的强调 supplement to sth 补充,增刊 sympathy for 对的同情 sympathy with 对的赞同 taste for 对的爱好,喜爱 taste in 对的审美能力 tendency to sth 趋向,趋势 trust in 对的信赖,信任

wish for 欲望,愿望

4. 常用其它短语

a series of 一系列,一连串

above all 首先,尤其是

after all 毕竟,究竟

ahead of 在之前

ahead of time 提前

all at once 突然,同时

all but 几乎;除了都

at first 最初,起先

at first sight 乍一看,初看起来

at hand 在手边,在附近

at heart 内心里,本质上

at home 在家,在国内

at intervals 不时,每隔

at large 大多数,未被捕获的

at least 至少

at last 终于

all of a sudden 突然

all over 遍及

all over again 再一次,重新

all the time 一直,始终

all the same 仍然,照样的

as regards 关于,至于

anything but 根本不

as a matter of fact 实际上

apart from 除外(有/无)

as a rule 通常,照例

as a result(of) 因此,由于

as far as be concerned 就而言

as far as 远至,到程度

as for 至于,关于

as follows 如下

as if 好像,仿怫

as good as 和几乎一样

as usual 像平常一样,照例

as to 至于,关于

all right 令人满意的;可以

as well 同样,也,还

as well as 除外(也),即又

aside from 除外(还有)

at a loss 茫然,不知所措

at a time 一次,每次

at all 丝毫(不),一点也不

at all costs 不惜一切代价

at all events 不管怎样,无论如何

at all times 随时,总是

at any rate 无论如何,至少

at best 充其量,至多

at length 最终,终于 at most 至多,不超过 at no time 从不,决不 by accident 偶然

at one time 曾经,一度;同时 at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任处理 at the cost of 以为代价 at the mercy of 任凭摆布 at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或

back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在后面 before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的 beyond question 毫无疑问 by air 通过航空途径 by all means 尽一切办法,务必by and by 不久,迟早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far 最,得多 by hand 用手,用体力 by iteslf 自动地,独自地 by means of 用,依靠 by mistake 错误地,无意地 by no means 决不,并没有 by oneself 单独地,独自地 by reson of 由于 by the way 顺便说说 by virtue of 借助,由于

by way of 经由,通过方法

due to 由于,因为

each other 互相

even if/though 即使,虽然

ever so 非常,极其

every now and then 时而,偶尔

every other 每隔一个的

except for 除了外

in detail 详细地

in difficulty 处境困难

in effect 实际上,事实上

in general 一般来说,大体上

in favour of 支持,赞成

in front of 面对,在前

in half 成两半

in hand 在进行中,待办理

face to face 面对面地

far from 远非,远离

for ever 永远

for good 永久地

for the better 好转

for the moment 暂时,目前

for the present 暂时,目前

for the sake of 为了,为了的利益

for the time being 暂时,眼下

from time to time 有时,不时

hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切关联

head on 迎面地,正面的

heart and soul 全心全意地

how about 怎么样

in a hurry 匆忙,急于

in case of 假如,防备

in a moment 立刻,一会儿

in a sense 从某种意义上说

in a way 在某种程度上

in a word 简言之,总之

in accordance with 与一致,按照

in addition 另外,加之

in addition to 除之外(还)

in advance 预先,事先

in all 总共,合计

in any case 无论如何

in any event 无论如何

in brief 简单地说

in charge of 负责,总管

in common 共用的,共有的

in consequence(of) 因此;由于

in debt 欠债,欠情

专四常见短语5

in honour of 为庆祝,为纪念 in itself 本质上,就其本身而言in line with 与一致 in memory of 纪念 in no case 决不 in no time 立即,马上 in no way 决不 in order 按顺序,按次序 in other words 换句话说 in part 部分地 in particular 特别,尤其 in person 亲自,本人 in place 在合适的位置 in place of 代替,取代,交换 in practice 在实践中,实际上 in proportion to 与成比例in public 公开地,当众 in quantity 大量 in question 正在谈论的 in regard to 关于,至于 in relation to 关于,涉及 in return 作为报答/回报/交换 in return for 作为对报答 in short 简言之,总之 in sight 被见到;在望 in spite of 尽管 in step 齐步,合拍

in step with 与一致/协调 in tears 流着泪,在哭着

in the course of 在期间/过程中

in the distance 在远处

in the end 最后,终于

in the event of 如果发生,万一

in the face of 即使;在面前

in the first place 首先

in the future 在未来

in the least 丝毫,一点

in (the)light of 鉴于,由于

on duty 上班,值班

on earth 究竟,到底

on fire 起火着火

on foot 步行,

on guard 站岗,值班

on hand 在场,在手边

on occasion(s) 有时,间或

on one’s own 独立,独自

on purpose 故意地

in the way 挡道

in the world 究竟,到底

in time 及时

in touch 联系,接触

in turn 依次,轮流;转而

in vain 徒劳,白费力

instead of 代替,而不是

just now 眼下;刚才

little by little 逐渐地

lots of 许多

many a 许多

more or less 或多或少,有点

next door 隔壁的,在隔壁

no doubt 无疑地

no less than 不少于;不亚于

no longer 不再

no more 不再

no more than 至多,同一样不

none other than 不是别的,正是

on one’s guard 警惕,提防

nothing but 只有,只不过

now and then 时而,偶尔

off and on 断断续续,间歇地

off duty 下班

on a large/small scale 大/小规模地

on account of 由于

on(an/the) average 平均,通常

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(车/飞机)上

on business 因公

on condition that 如果

on sale 出售,廉价出售 on schedule 按时间表,准时 on second thoughts 经重新考虑 on the contrary 正相反

on the grounds of 根据,以为由on (the) one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the point of 即将的时刻 on the road 在旅途中 on the side 作为兼职/副 业 on the spot 在场;马上 on the whole 总的来说,大体上 on time 准时 once again 再一次

once(and)for all 一劳永逸地 once in a while 偶尔 once more 再一次 once upon a time 从前 one another 相互 or else 否则,要不然 or so 大约,左右 other than 非;除了 out of 从中;由于;缺乏 out of breath 喘不过气来 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的 out of doors 在户外 out of order 出故障的 out of place 不适当的 out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,在视野外

out of the question 毫无可能的

out of touch 不联系,不接触

over and over(again) 一再地,再三地

prior to 在之前

quite a few 相当多,不少

rather than 不是(而是)

regardless of 不顾,不惜

right away 立即,马上

side by side 肩并肩,一起

so far 迄今为止

sooner or later 迟早,早晚

step by step 逐步地

such as 例如,诸如

thanks to 由于,多亏

that is (to say) 就是说,即

to the point 切中要害,切题

under control 处于控制之下

under the circumstances 这种情况下

up to date 在进行中

up to 多达;直到;胜任;取决于

what if 切合目前情况的

what about 怎么样

with respect to 如果将怎么样

with regard to 关于,至于

without question 关于,至于,

with the exception of 除之外

without question 毫无疑问