被动语态学案范文第1篇
大凡语言都有两种语态 (voice) , 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时, 谓语的形式叫主动语态 (active voice) ;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时, 谓语的形式叫做被动语态 (passive voice) 。相对汉语而言, 英语中使用被动语态更多一些。汉语中有被、由、叫、挨、让、给、受、遭等词时, 英语表达一般是被动句。例如:
她去年被选进国会 (She was elected to parliament last year) 。
这孩子昨天挨来了一顿批评 (The boy was criticized yesterday) 。
我们的衣服给汗水湿透了 (Our clothes were soaked with sweat) 。
杯子让我妹妹打碎了 (The glass was br oken by my sister) 。
他们去年遭了灾 (They were hit by a natural calamity last year) 。
须注意的是许多汉语中本没有“被、由、叫、挨、让、给、受、遭”的意思, 英语却也用被动态。例如:孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾 (The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children) 。人们认为他很有才华 (He is regarded as brilliant by people) 。
到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机 (100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year) 。
2 被动语态的用法
(1) 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is/am/ar e+及物动词的过去分词。
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.Knives are used for cutting things. (2) 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was/were+及物动词的过去分词。
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs wer e laid long long a g o.
(3) 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has/have+been+及物动词的过去分词。
This book has been tr anslated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
(4) 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+be+及物动词的过去分词。
A new hospital will be built in our c i t y.
Many more trees will be planted next y e a r.
(5) 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词。
Your mistakes should be corr ected r i g h t n o w.
The door may be locked inside.
(6) 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am/is/are+being+及物动词的过去分词。
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.
Trees are being planted over there by t h e m.
(7) 不定式的被动语态:to+be+及物动词的过去分词。
T her e ar e two books to be r ead.
T her e ar e twenty more trees to be p l a n t e d.
3 英语被动语态的汉译策略
(1) 如被动语态表示的是不如意的事或强调受动者时, 可译为表示被动的词, 如:被、叫、让等。
The gate to the garden was locked by the girl.花园的门被那个女孩锁上了。
Have been wetted in the rain.你叫雨淋湿了。
(2) 由于汉语中无标志的被动句很多, 且这种句子很符合中国人的说话习惯, 故遇到英语被动句时, 如不强调被动, 而且无施动者, 可译为无标志的被动句。
The book has already been translated into many languages.这本书已译成了几国语言。
The meeting has been put off till next Saturday.会议已推迟到下周六了。
(3) 凡着重说明一件事是由谁做的, 或什么时候、什么地点做的时, 可译为“是的”。作为汉语的一种被动语态结构, 它带有一种解释的语气。
David Copper f ield was wr itten by Charles Dickens.《大卫科波菲尔》是狄更斯写的。
(4) 因为英语中的准被动句, 往往只是徒具被动形式, 并不表示被动含义, 故这些句子都不能作为被动式来考虑。汉语译文应当根据具体语义情况, 将其译为主动句。
He has decided to go and study abroad.他已决定出国留学。
All countries are concerned with the air pollution.所有国家都很关注空气污染问题。
(5) 大多数的英文假主动句, 都可根据相应的语义, 译成汉语的无标志被动句。
T he T iger br and T-shir ts sell ver y well.虎牌T恤销路很好。
This sentence needs explaining.这个句子需要解释。
(6) 把英语的被动句译为汉语句子时, 有时需要在译文中体现表示施动者的词语, 如果原文中没有, 可以根据上下文进行推断, 如果推断不出, 可以补进“别人”、“人”或“人家”等虚义宾语。
Jule’s own teeth were not so white and not so good-looking, but at least none of them had been knocked out.朱尔本人的牙齿都没有这般洁白, 这般好看, 不过至少是没有一颗牙齿被人打掉过。
(7) 因为英语是一种主语突出型的语言, 句中不能没有主语, 有时为了句子结构完整, 只好采用被动句式。但汉语是一种话题突出型语言, 当不需要出现施动者的时候, 经常采用无主句形式, 故英语的被动句可视情况译为汉语的无主句。
Air resistance must be given carefully consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.要制造飞机, 就必须考虑空气阻力的问题。
摘要：语态是动词的一种形式, 它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。由于语言习惯的不同, 被动语态很少出现在汉语中。所以, 在英译汉时, 我们往往尽可能把英语中的被动句译成汉语中的主动句。本文试英语被动语态的特点、用法和汉译策略进行探讨, 以求得译文的可读性和通顺性。
关键词：被动语态,用法,汉译策略
参考文献
[1] 杜淑珍.英语被动句及其汉译策略[J].山西农业大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2008 (2) .
